diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/sound')
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/sound/alsa/ALSA-Configuration.txt | 210 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/sound/alsa/DocBook/writing-an-alsa-driver.tmpl | 923 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/DAI.txt | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/clocking.txt | 10 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/codec.txt | 53 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/dapm.txt | 51 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/machine.txt | 12 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/overview.txt | 42 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/platform.txt | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/pops_clicks.txt | 10 |
10 files changed, 705 insertions, 618 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/ALSA-Configuration.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/ALSA-Configuration.txt index 4b48c2e82c3..e985cf5e041 100644 --- a/Documentation/sound/alsa/ALSA-Configuration.txt +++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/ALSA-Configuration.txt @@ -57,7 +57,9 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. - Default: 1 - For auto-loading more than one card, specify this option together with snd-card-X aliases. - + slots - Reserve the slot index for the given driver. + This option takes multiple strings. + See "Module Autoloading Support" section for details. Module snd-pcm-oss ------------------ @@ -148,13 +150,6 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. Module for sound cards based on Analog Devices AD1816A/AD1815 ISA chips. - port - port # for AD1816A chip (PnP setup) - mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup) - fm_port - port # for OPL3 (PnP setup) - irq - IRQ # for AD1816A chip (PnP setup) - mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup) - dma1 - first DMA # for AD1816A chip (PnP setup) - dma2 - second DMA # for AD1816A chip (PnP setup) clockfreq - Clock frequency for AD1816A chip (default = 0, 33000Hz) This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and PnP. @@ -201,14 +196,6 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. Module for sound cards based on Avance Logic ALS100/ALS120 ISA chips. - port - port # for ALS100 (SB16) chip (PnP setup) - irq - IRQ # for ALS100 (SB16) chip (PnP setup) - dma8 - 8-bit DMA # for ALS100 (SB16) chip (PnP setup) - dma16 - 16-bit DMA # for ALS100 (SB16) chip (PnP setup) - mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup) - mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 (PnP setup) - fm_port - port # for OPL3 FM (PnP setup) - This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and PnP. The power-management is supported. @@ -302,15 +289,6 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. Module for sound cards based on Aztech System AZT2320 ISA chip (PnP only). - port - port # for AZT2320 chip (PnP setup) - wss_port - port # for WSS (PnP setup) - mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup) - fm_port - FM port # for AZT2320 chip (PnP setup) - irq - IRQ # for AZT2320 (WSS) chip (PnP setup) - mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup) - dma1 - 1st DMA # for AZT2320 (WSS) chip (PnP setup) - dma2 - 2nd DMA # for AZT2320 (WSS) chip (PnP setup) - This module supports multiple cards, PnP and autoprobe. The power-management is supported. @@ -350,6 +328,10 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. Module for sound cards based on C-Media CMI8330 ISA chips. + isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) + + with isapnp=0, the following options are available: + wssport - port # for CMI8330 chip (WSS) wssirq - IRQ # for CMI8330 chip (WSS) wssdma - first DMA # for CMI8330 chip (WSS) @@ -404,6 +386,10 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. Module for sound cards based on CS4232/CS4232A ISA chips. + isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) + + with isapnp=0, the following options are available: + port - port # for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x534) cport - control port # for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x120,0x210,0xf00) mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup - 0x300), -1 = disable @@ -412,10 +398,10 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (9,11,12,15) dma1 - first DMA # for CS4232 chip (0,1,3) dma2 - second DMA # for Yamaha CS4232 chip (0,1,3), -1 = disable - isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) This module supports multiple cards. This module does not support autoprobe - thus main port must be specified!!! Other ports are optional. + (if ISA PnP is not used) thus main port must be specified!!! Other ports are + optional. The power-management is supported. @@ -425,6 +411,10 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. Module for sound cards based on CS4235/CS4236/CS4236B/CS4237B/ CS4238B/CS4239 ISA chips. + isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) + + with isapnp=0, the following options are available: + port - port # for CS4236 chip (PnP setup - 0x534) cport - control port # for CS4236 chip (PnP setup - 0x120,0x210,0xf00) mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup - 0x300), -1 = disable @@ -433,7 +423,6 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (9,11,12,15) dma1 - first DMA # for CS4236 chip (0,1,3) dma2 - second DMA # for CS4236 chip (0,1,3), -1 = disable - isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) This module supports multiple cards. This module does not support autoprobe (if ISA PnP is not used) thus main port and control port must be @@ -503,13 +492,6 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. Module for Diamond Technologies DT-019X / Avance Logic ALS-007 (PnP only) - port - Port # (PnP setup) - mpu_port - Port # for MPU-401 (PnP setup) - fm_port - Port # for FM OPL-3 (PnP setup) - irq - IRQ # (PnP setup) - mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 (PnP setup) - dma8 - DMA # (PnP setup) - This module supports multiple cards. This module is enabled only with ISA PnP support. @@ -607,10 +589,6 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. Module for sound cards based on ESS ES968 chip (PnP only). - port - port # for ES968 (SB8) chip (PnP setup) - irq - IRQ # for ES968 (SB8) chip (PnP setup) - dma1 - DMA # for ES968 (SB8) chip (PnP setup) - This module supports multiple cards, PnP and autoprobe. The power-management is supported. @@ -633,13 +611,16 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. Module for ESS AudioDrive ES-18xx sound cards. + isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) + + with isapnp=0, the following options are available: + port - port # for ES-18xx chip (0x220,0x240,0x260) mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 port (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330), -1 = disable (default) fm_port - port # for FM (optional, not used) irq - IRQ # for ES-18xx chip (5,7,9,10) dma1 - first DMA # for ES-18xx chip (0,1,3) dma2 - first DMA # for ES-18xx chip (0,1,3) - isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) This module supports multiple cards, ISA PnP and autoprobe (without MPU-401 port if native ISA PnP routines are not used). @@ -763,9 +744,12 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. VIA VT8251/VT8237A, SIS966, ULI M5461 + [Multiple options for each card instance] model - force the model name position_fix - Fix DMA pointer (0 = auto, 1 = none, 2 = POSBUF, 3 = FIFO size) probe_mask - Bitmask to probe codecs (default = -1, meaning all slots) + + [Single (global) options] single_cmd - Use single immediate commands to communicate with codecs (for debugging only) enable_msi - Enable Message Signaled Interrupt (MSI) (default = off) @@ -774,8 +758,8 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. power_save_controller - Reset HD-audio controller in power-saving mode (default = on) - This module supports one card and autoprobe. - + This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe. + Each codec may have a model table for different configurations. If your machine isn't listed there, the default (usually minimal) configuration is set up. You can pass "model=<name>" option to @@ -817,17 +801,23 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. will Will laptops (PB V7900) replacer Replacer 672V basic fixed pin assignment (old default model) + test for testing/debugging purpose, almost all controls can + adjusted. Appearing only when compiled with + $CONFIG_SND_DEBUG=y auto auto-config reading BIOS (default) ALC262 fujitsu Fujitsu Laptop hp-bpc HP xw4400/6400/8400/9400 laptops hp-bpc-d7000 HP BPC D7000 + hp-tc-t5735 HP Thin Client T5735 + hp-rp5700 HP RP5700 benq Benq ED8 benq-t31 Benq T31 hippo Hippo (ATI) with jack detection, Sony UX-90s hippo_1 Hippo (Benq) with jack detection sony-assamd Sony ASSAMD + ultra Samsung Q1 Ultra Vista model basic fixed pin assignment w/o SPDIF auto auto-config reading BIOS (default) @@ -835,6 +825,10 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. 3stack 3-stack model toshiba Toshiba A205 acer Acer laptops + dell Dell OEM laptops (Vostro 1200) + test for testing/debugging purpose, almost all controls can + adjusted. Appearing only when compiled with + $CONFIG_SND_DEBUG=y auto auto-config reading BIOS (default) ALC662 @@ -843,6 +837,8 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. 3stack-6ch-dig 3-stack (6-channel) with SPDIF 6stack-dig 6-stack with SPDIF lenovo-101e Lenovo laptop + eeepc-p701 ASUS Eeepc P701 + eeepc-ep20 ASUS Eeepc EP20 auto auto-config reading BIOS (default) ALC882/885 @@ -877,6 +873,8 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. haier-w66 Haier W66 6stack-hp HP machines with 6stack (Nettle boards) 3stack-hp HP machines with 3stack (Lucknow, Samba boards) + 6stack-dell Dell machines with 6stack (Inspiron 530) + mitac Mitac 8252D auto auto-config reading BIOS (default) ALC861/660 @@ -928,6 +926,7 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. AD1984 basic default configuration thinkpad Lenovo Thinkpad T61/X61 + dell Dell T3400 AD1986A 6stack 6-jack, separate surrounds (default) @@ -947,7 +946,10 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. auto auto-config reading BIOS (default) Conexant 5045 - laptop Laptop config + laptop-hpsense Laptop with HP sense (old model laptop) + laptop-micsense Laptop with Mic sense (old model fujitsu) + laptop-hpmicsense Laptop with HP and Mic senses + benq Benq R55E test for testing/debugging purpose, almost all controls can be adjusted. Appearing only when compiled with $CONFIG_SND_DEBUG=y @@ -960,6 +962,10 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. can be adjusted. Appearing only when compiled with $CONFIG_SND_DEBUG=y + Conexant 5051 + laptop Basic Laptop config (default) + hp HP Spartan laptop + STAC9200 ref Reference board dell-d21 Dell (unknown) @@ -1091,6 +1097,15 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. See hdspm.txt for details. + Module snd-hifier + ----------------- + + Module for the MediaTek/TempoTec HiFier Fantasia sound card. + + This module supports autoprobe and multiple cards. + + Power management is _not_ supported. + Module snd-ice1712 ------------------ @@ -1156,11 +1171,14 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. * Chaintech 9CJS * Chaintech AV-710 * Shuttle SN25P + * Onkyo SE-90PCI + * Onkyo SE-200PCI model - Use the given board model, one of the following: revo51, revo71, amp2000, prodigy71, prodigy71lt, prodigy192, aureon51, aureon71, universe, ap192, - k8x800, phase22, phase28, ms300, av710 + k8x800, phase22, phase28, ms300, av710, se200pci, + se90pci This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe. @@ -1257,15 +1275,19 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. Module for Gravis UltraSound PnP, Dynasonic 3-D/Pro, STB Sound Rage 32 and other sound cards based on AMD InterWave (tm) chip. - port - port # for InterWave chip (0x210,0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260) - irq - IRQ # for InterWave chip (3,5,9,11,12,15) - dma1 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7) - dma2 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable) joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V) midi - 1 = MIDI UART enable, 0 = MIDI UART disable (default) pcm_voices - reserved PCM voices for the synthesizer (default 2) effect - 1 = InterWave effects enable (default 0); requires 8 voices + isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) + + with isapnp=0, the following options are available: + + port - port # for InterWave chip (0x210,0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260) + irq - IRQ # for InterWave chip (3,5,9,11,12,15) + dma1 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7) + dma2 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable) This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and ISA PnP. @@ -1276,16 +1298,20 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. and other sound cards based on AMD InterWave (tm) chip with TEA6330T circuit for extended control of bass, treble and master volume. - port - port # for InterWave chip (0x210,0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260) - port_tc - tone control (i2c bus) port # for TEA6330T chip (0x350,0x360,0x370,0x380) - irq - IRQ # for InterWave chip (3,5,9,11,12,15) - dma1 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7) - dma2 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable) joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V) midi - 1 = MIDI UART enable, 0 = MIDI UART disable (default) pcm_voices - reserved PCM voices for the synthesizer (default 2) effect - 1 = InterWave effects enable (default 0); requires 8 voices + isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) + + with isapnp=0, the following options are available: + + port - port # for InterWave chip (0x210,0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260) + port_tc - tone control (i2c bus) port # for TEA6330T chip (0x350,0x360,0x370,0x380) + irq - IRQ # for InterWave chip (3,5,9,11,12,15) + dma1 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7) + dma2 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable) This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and ISA PnP. @@ -1473,6 +1499,10 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. Module for Yamaha OPL3-SA2/SA3 sound cards. + isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) + + with isapnp=0, the following options are available: + port - control port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x370) sb_port - SB port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x220,0x240) wss_port - WSS port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604) @@ -1481,7 +1511,6 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. irq - IRQ # for OPL3-SA chip (5,7,9,10) dma1 - first DMA # for Yamaha OPL3-SA chip (0,1,3) dma2 - second DMA # for Yamaha OPL3-SA chip (0,1,3), -1 = disable - isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) This module supports multiple cards and ISA PnP. It does not support autoprobe (if ISA PnP is not used) thus all ports must be specified!!! @@ -1494,6 +1523,10 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. Module for sound cards based on OPTi 82c92x and Analog Devices AD1848 chips. Module works with OAK Mozart cards as well. + isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) + + with isapnp=0, the following options are available: + port - port # for WSS chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604) mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330) fm_port - port # for OPL3 device (0x388) @@ -1508,6 +1541,10 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. Module for sound cards based on OPTi 82c92x and Crystal CS4231 chips. + isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) + + with isapnp=0, the following options are available: + port - port # for WSS chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604) mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330) fm_port - port # for OPL3 device (0x388) @@ -1523,6 +1560,10 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. Module for sound cards based on OPTi 82c93x chips. + isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) + + with isapnp=0, the following options are available: + port - port # for WSS chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604) mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330) fm_port - port # for OPL3 device (0x388) @@ -1533,6 +1574,22 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. This module supports only one card, autoprobe and PnP. + Module snd-oxygen + ----------------- + + Module for sound cards based on the C-Media CMI8788 chip: + * Asound A-8788 + * AuzenTech X-Meridian + * Bgears b-Enspirer + * Club3D Theatron DTS + * HT-Omega Claro + * Razer Barracuda AC-1 + * Sondigo Inferno + + This module supports autoprobe and multiple cards. + + Power management is _not_ supported. + Module snd-pcxhr ---------------- @@ -1647,6 +1704,12 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. SoundBlaster AWE 32 (PnP), SoundBlaster AWE 64 PnP + mic_agc - Mic Auto-Gain-Control - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) + csp - ASP/CSP chip support - 0 = disable (default), 1 = enable + isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) + + with isapnp=0, the following options are available: + port - port # for SB DSP 4.x chip (0x220,0x240,0x260) mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x330), -1 = disable awe_port - base port # for EMU8000 synthesizer (0x620,0x640,0x660) @@ -1654,9 +1717,6 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. irq - IRQ # for SB DSP 4.x chip (5,7,9,10) dma8 - 8-bit DMA # for SB DSP 4.x chip (0,1,3) dma16 - 16-bit DMA # for SB DSP 4.x chip (5,6,7) - mic_agc - Mic Auto-Gain-Control - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) - csp - ASP/CSP chip support - 0 = disable (default), 1 = enable - isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and ISA PnP. @@ -1739,18 +1799,21 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. Module for Turtle Beach Maui, Tropez and Tropez+ sound cards. + use_cs4232_midi - Use CS4232 MPU-401 interface + (inaccessibly located inside your computer) + isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) + + with isapnp=0, the following options are available: + cs4232_pcm_port - Port # for CS4232 PCM interface. cs4232_pcm_irq - IRQ # for CS4232 PCM interface (5,7,9,11,12,15). cs4232_mpu_port - Port # for CS4232 MPU-401 interface. cs4232_mpu_irq - IRQ # for CS4232 MPU-401 interface (9,11,12,15). - use_cs4232_midi - Use CS4232 MPU-401 interface - (inaccessibly located inside your computer) ics2115_port - Port # for ICS2115 ics2115_irq - IRQ # for ICS2115 fm_port - FM OPL-3 Port # dma1 - DMA1 # for CS4232 PCM interface. dma2 - DMA2 # for CS4232 PCM interface. - isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) The below are options for wavefront_synth features: wf_raw - Assume that we need to boot the OS (default:no) @@ -1965,6 +2028,16 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed. This module supports multiple cards. + Module snd-virtuoso + ------------------- + + Module for sound cards based on the Asus AV200 chip, i.e., + Xonar D2 and Xonar D2X. + + This module supports autoprobe and multiple cards. + + Power management is _not_ supported. + Module snd-vx222 ---------------- @@ -2135,6 +2208,23 @@ alias sound-slot-1 snd-ens1371 In this example, the interwave card is always loaded as the first card (index 0) and ens1371 as the second (index 1). +Alternative (and new) way to fixate the slot assignment is to use +"slots" option of snd module. In the case above, specify like the +following: + +options snd slots=snd-interwave,snd-ens1371 + +Then, the first slot (#0) is reserved for snd-interwave driver, and +the second (#1) for snd-ens1371. You can omit index option in each +driver if slots option is used (although you can still have them at +the same time as long as they don't conflict). + +The slots option is especially useful for avoiding the possible +hot-plugging and the resultant slot conflict. For example, in the +case above again, the first two slots are already reserved. If any +other driver (e.g. snd-usb-audio) is loaded before snd-interwave or +snd-ens1371, it will be assigned to the third or later slot. + ALSA PCM devices to OSS devices mapping ======================================= diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/DocBook/writing-an-alsa-driver.tmpl b/Documentation/sound/alsa/DocBook/writing-an-alsa-driver.tmpl index 2c3fc3cb3b6..b03df4d4795 100644 --- a/Documentation/sound/alsa/DocBook/writing-an-alsa-driver.tmpl +++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/DocBook/writing-an-alsa-driver.tmpl @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ </affiliation> </author> - <date>September 10, 2007</date> + <date>Oct 15, 2007</date> <edition>0.3.7</edition> <abstract> @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ This document describes how to write an <ulink url="http://www.alsa-project.org/"><citetitle> ALSA (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture)</citetitle></ulink> - driver. The document focuses mainly on the PCI soundcard. + driver. The document focuses mainly on PCI soundcards. In the case of other device types, the API might be different, too. However, at least the ALSA kernel API is consistent, and therefore it would be still a bit help for @@ -75,23 +75,23 @@ </para> <para> - The target of this document is ones who already have enough - skill of C language and have the basic knowledge of linux - kernel programming. This document doesn't explain the general - topics of linux kernel codes and doesn't cover the detail of - implementation of each low-level driver. It describes only how is + This document targets people who already have enough + C language skills and have basic linux kernel programming + knowledge. This document doesn't explain the general + topic of linux kernel coding and doesn't cover low-level + driver implementation details. It only describes the standard way to write a PCI sound driver on ALSA. </para> <para> - If you are already familiar with the older ALSA ver.0.5.x, you - can check the drivers such as <filename>es1938.c</filename> or - <filename>maestro3.c</filename> which have also almost the same + If you are already familiar with the older ALSA ver.0.5.x API, you + can check the drivers such as <filename>sound/pci/es1938.c</filename> or + <filename>sound/pci/maestro3.c</filename> which have also almost the same code-base in the ALSA 0.5.x tree, so you can compare the differences. </para> <para> - This document is still a draft version. Any feedbacks and + This document is still a draft version. Any feedback and corrections, please!! </para> </preface> @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ <section id="file-tree-general"> <title>General</title> <para> - The ALSA drivers are provided in the two ways. + The ALSA drivers are provided in two ways. </para> <para> @@ -114,15 +114,14 @@ ALSA's ftp site, and another is the 2.6 (or later) Linux kernel tree. To synchronize both, the ALSA driver tree is split into two different trees: alsa-kernel and alsa-driver. The former - contains purely the source codes for the Linux 2.6 (or later) + contains purely the source code for the Linux 2.6 (or later) tree. This tree is designed only for compilation on 2.6 or later environment. The latter, alsa-driver, contains many subtle - files for compiling the ALSA driver on the outside of Linux - kernel like configure script, the wrapper functions for older, - 2.2 and 2.4 kernels, to adapt the latest kernel API, + files for compiling ALSA drivers outside of the Linux kernel tree, + wrapper functions for older 2.2 and 2.4 kernels, to adapt the latest kernel API, and additional drivers which are still in development or in tests. The drivers in alsa-driver tree will be moved to - alsa-kernel (eventually 2.6 kernel tree) once when they are + alsa-kernel (and eventually to the 2.6 kernel tree) when they are finished and confirmed to work fine. </para> @@ -168,7 +167,7 @@ <section id="file-tree-core-directory"> <title>core directory</title> <para> - This directory contains the middle layer, that is, the heart + This directory contains the middle layer which is the heart of ALSA drivers. In this directory, the native ALSA modules are stored. The sub-directories contain different modules and are dependent upon the kernel config. @@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ The codes for PCM and mixer OSS emulation modules are stored in this directory. The rawmidi OSS emulation is included in the ALSA rawmidi code since it's quite small. The sequencer - code is stored in core/seq/oss directory (see + code is stored in <filename>core/seq/oss</filename> directory (see <link linkend="file-tree-core-directory-seq-oss"><citetitle> below</citetitle></link>). </para> @@ -200,7 +199,7 @@ <section id="file-tree-core-directory-seq"> <title>core/seq</title> <para> - This and its sub-directories are for the ALSA + This directory and its sub-directories are for the ALSA sequencer. This directory contains the sequencer core and primary sequencer modules such like snd-seq-midi, snd-seq-virmidi, etc. They are compiled only when @@ -229,22 +228,22 @@ <title>include directory</title> <para> This is the place for the public header files of ALSA drivers, - which are to be exported to the user-space, or included by + which are to be exported to user-space, or included by several files at different directories. Basically, the private header files should not be placed in this directory, but you may - still find files there, due to historical reason :) + still find files there, due to historical reasons :) </para> </section> <section id="file-tree-drivers-directory"> <title>drivers directory</title> <para> - This directory contains the codes shared among different drivers - on the different architectures. They are hence supposed not to be + This directory contains code shared among different drivers + on different architectures. They are hence supposed not to be architecture-specific. For example, the dummy pcm driver and the serial MIDI driver are found in this directory. In the sub-directories, - there are the codes for components which are independent from + there is code for components which are independent from bus and cpu architectures. </para> @@ -271,7 +270,7 @@ <para> Although there is a standard i2c layer on Linux, ALSA has its - own i2c codes for some cards, because the soundcard needs only a + own i2c code for some cards, because the soundcard needs only a simple operation and the standard i2c API is too complicated for such a purpose. </para> @@ -292,28 +291,28 @@ <para> So far, there is only Emu8000/Emu10k1 synth driver under - synth/emux sub-directory. + the <filename>synth/emux</filename> sub-directory. </para> </section> <section id="file-tree-pci-directory"> <title>pci directory</title> <para> - This and its sub-directories hold the top-level card modules - for PCI soundcards and the codes specific to the PCI BUS. + This directory and its sub-directories hold the top-level card modules + for PCI soundcards and the code specific to the PCI BUS. </para> <para> - The drivers compiled from a single file is stored directly on - pci directory, while the drivers with several source files are - stored on its own sub-directory (e.g. emu10k1, ice1712). + The drivers compiled from a single file are stored directly + in the pci directory, while the drivers with several source files are + stored on their own sub-directory (e.g. emu10k1, ice1712). </para> </section> <section id="file-tree-isa-directory"> <title>isa directory</title> <para> - This and its sub-directories hold the top-level card modules + This directory and its sub-directories hold the top-level card modules for ISA soundcards. </para> </section> @@ -321,16 +320,16 @@ <section id="file-tree-arm-ppc-sparc-directories"> <title>arm, ppc, and sparc directories</title> <para> - These are for the top-level card modules which are - specific to each given architecture. + They are used for top-level card modules which are + specific to one of these architectures. </para> </section> <section id="file-tree-usb-directory"> <title>usb directory</title> <para> - This contains the USB-audio driver. On the latest version, the - USB MIDI driver is integrated together with usb-audio driver. + This directory contains the USB-audio driver. In the latest version, the + USB MIDI driver is integrated in the usb-audio driver. </para> </section> @@ -338,16 +337,17 @@ <title>pcmcia directory</title> <para> The PCMCIA, especially PCCard drivers will go here. CardBus - drivers will be on pci directory, because its API is identical - with the standard PCI cards. + drivers will be in the pci directory, because their API is identical + to that of standard PCI cards. </para> </section> <section id="file-tree-oss-directory"> <title>oss directory</title> <para> - The OSS/Lite source files are stored here on Linux 2.6 (or - later) tree. (In the ALSA driver tarball, it's empty, of course :) + The OSS/Lite source files are stored here in Linux 2.6 (or + later) tree. In the ALSA driver tarball, this directory is empty, + of course :) </para> </section> </chapter> @@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ <section id="basic-flow-outline"> <title>Outline</title> <para> - The minimum flow of PCI soundcard is like the following: + The minimum flow for PCI soundcards is as follows: <itemizedlist> <listitem><para>define the PCI ID table (see the section @@ -370,9 +370,13 @@ </citetitle></link>).</para></listitem> <listitem><para>create <function>probe()</function> callback.</para></listitem> <listitem><para>create <function>remove()</function> callback.</para></listitem> - <listitem><para>create pci_driver table which contains the three pointers above.</para></listitem> - <listitem><para>create <function>init()</function> function just calling <function>pci_register_driver()</function> to register the pci_driver table defined above.</para></listitem> - <listitem><para>create <function>exit()</function> function to call <function>pci_unregister_driver()</function> function.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>create a <structname>pci_driver</structname> structure + containing the three pointers above.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>create an <function>init()</function> function just calling + the <function>pci_register_driver()</function> to register the pci_driver table + defined above.</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>create an <function>exit()</function> function to call + the <function>pci_unregister_driver()</function> function.</para></listitem> </itemizedlist> </para> </section> @@ -382,15 +386,14 @@ <para> The code example is shown below. Some parts are kept unimplemented at this moment but will be filled in the - succeeding sections. The numbers in comment lines of - <function>snd_mychip_probe()</function> function are the - markers. + next sections. The numbers in the comment lines of the + <function>snd_mychip_probe()</function> function + refer to details explained in the following section. <example> - <title>Basic Flow for PCI Drivers Example</title> + <title>Basic Flow for PCI Drivers - Example</title> <programlisting> <![CDATA[ - #include <sound/driver.h> #include <linux/init.h> #include <linux/pci.h> #include <linux/slab.h> @@ -398,6 +401,7 @@ #include <sound/initval.h> /* module parameters (see "Module Parameters") */ + /* SNDRV_CARDS: maximum number of cards supported by this module */ static int index[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_IDX; static char *id[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_STR; static int enable[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_ENABLE_PNP; @@ -405,13 +409,13 @@ /* definition of the chip-specific record */ struct mychip { struct snd_card *card; - /* rest of implementation will be in the section - * "PCI Resource Managements" + /* the rest of the implementation will be in section + * "PCI Resource Management" */ }; /* chip-specific destructor - * (see "PCI Resource Managements") + * (see "PCI Resource Management") */ static int snd_mychip_free(struct mychip *chip) { @@ -442,7 +446,7 @@ *rchip = NULL; /* check PCI availability here - * (see "PCI Resource Managements") + * (see "PCI Resource Management") */ .... @@ -454,7 +458,7 @@ chip->card = card; /* rest of initialization here; will be implemented - * later, see "PCI Resource Managements" + * later, see "PCI Resource Management" */ .... @@ -521,7 +525,7 @@ return 0; } - /* destructor -- see "Destructor" sub-section */ + /* destructor -- see the "Destructor" sub-section */ static void __devexit snd_mychip_remove(struct pci_dev *pci) { snd_card_free(pci_get_drvdata(pci)); @@ -536,16 +540,16 @@ <section id="basic-flow-constructor"> <title>Constructor</title> <para> - The real constructor of PCI drivers is probe callback. The - probe callback and other component-constructors which are called - from probe callback should be defined with - <parameter>__devinit</parameter> prefix. You - cannot use <parameter>__init</parameter> prefix for them, + The real constructor of PCI drivers is the <function>probe</function> callback. + The <function>probe</function> callback and other component-constructors which are called + from the <function>probe</function> callback should be defined with + the <parameter>__devinit</parameter> prefix. You + cannot use the <parameter>__init</parameter> prefix for them, because any PCI device could be a hotplug device. </para> <para> - In the probe callback, the following scheme is often used. + In the <function>probe</function> callback, the following scheme is often used. </para> <section id="basic-flow-constructor-device-index"> @@ -570,7 +574,7 @@ </para> <para> - At each time probe callback is called, check the + Each time the <function>probe</function> callback is called, check the availability of the device. If not available, simply increment the device index and returns. dev will be incremented also later (<link @@ -594,7 +598,7 @@ </para> <para> - The detail will be explained in the section + The details will be explained in the section <link linkend="card-management-card-instance"><citetitle> Management of Cards and Components</citetitle></link>. </para> @@ -619,9 +623,9 @@ </programlisting> </informalexample> - The detail will be explained in the section <link + The details will be explained in the section <link linkend="pci-resource"><citetitle>PCI Resource - Managements</citetitle></link>. + Management</citetitle></link>. </para> </section> @@ -640,7 +644,7 @@ </informalexample> The driver field holds the minimal ID string of the - chip. This is referred by alsa-lib's configurator, so keep it + chip. This is used by alsa-lib's configurator, so keep it simple but unique. Even the same driver can have different driver IDs to distinguish the functionality of each chip type. @@ -648,7 +652,7 @@ <para> The shortname field is a string shown as more verbose - name. The longname field contains the information which is + name. The longname field contains the information shown in <filename>/proc/asound/cards</filename>. </para> </section> @@ -703,7 +707,7 @@ </informalexample> In the above, the card record is stored. This pointer is - referred in the remove callback and power-management + used in the remove callback and power-management callbacks, too. </para> </section> @@ -746,7 +750,6 @@ <informalexample> <programlisting> <![CDATA[ - #include <sound/driver.h> #include <linux/init.h> #include <linux/pci.h> #include <linux/slab.h> @@ -757,22 +760,22 @@ </informalexample> where the last one is necessary only when module options are - defined in the source file. If the codes are split to several - files, the file without module options don't need them. + defined in the source file. If the code is split into several + files, the files without module options don't need them. </para> <para> - In addition to them, you'll need - <filename><linux/interrupt.h></filename> for the interrupt - handling, and <filename><asm/io.h></filename> for the i/o - access. If you use <function>mdelay()</function> or + In addition to these headers, you'll need + <filename><linux/interrupt.h></filename> for interrupt + handling, and <filename><asm/io.h></filename> for I/O + access. If you use the <function>mdelay()</function> or <function>udelay()</function> functions, you'll need to include - <filename><linux/delay.h></filename>, too. + <filename><linux/delay.h></filename> too. </para> <para> - The ALSA interfaces like PCM or control API are defined in other - header files as <filename><sound/xxx.h></filename>. + The ALSA interfaces like the PCM and control APIs are defined in other + <filename><sound/xxx.h></filename> header files. They have to be included after <filename><sound/core.h></filename>. </para> @@ -795,12 +798,12 @@ <para> A card record is the headquarters of the soundcard. It manages - the list of whole devices (components) on the soundcard, such as + the whole list of devices (components) on the soundcard, such as PCM, mixers, MIDI, synthesizer, and so on. Also, the card record holds the ID and the name strings of the card, manages the root of proc files, and controls the power-management states and hotplug disconnections. The component list on the card - record is used to manage the proper releases of resources at + record is used to manage the correct release of resources at destruction. </para> @@ -824,9 +827,8 @@ <constant>THIS_MODULE</constant>), and the size of extra-data space. The last argument is used to allocate card->private_data for the - chip-specific data. Note that this data - <emphasis>is</emphasis> allocated by - <function>snd_card_new()</function>. + chip-specific data. Note that these data + are allocated by <function>snd_card_new()</function>. </para> </section> @@ -834,10 +836,10 @@ <title>Components</title> <para> After the card is created, you can attach the components - (devices) to the card instance. On ALSA driver, a component is + (devices) to the card instance. In an ALSA driver, a component is represented as a struct <structname>snd_device</structname> object. A component can be a PCM instance, a control interface, a raw - MIDI interface, etc. Each of such instances has one component + MIDI interface, etc. Each such instance has one component entry. </para> @@ -859,7 +861,7 @@ (<constant>SNDRV_DEV_XXX</constant>), the data pointer, and the callback pointers (<parameter>&ops</parameter>). The device-level defines the type of components and the order of - registration and de-registration. For most of components, the + registration and de-registration. For most components, the device-level is already defined. For a user-defined component, you can use <constant>SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL</constant>. </para> @@ -867,13 +869,13 @@ <para> This function itself doesn't allocate the data space. The data must be allocated manually beforehand, and its pointer is passed - as the argument. This pointer is used as the identifier - (<parameter>chip</parameter> in the above example) for the - instance. + as the argument. This pointer is used as the + (<parameter>chip</parameter> identifier in the above example) + for the instance. </para> <para> - Each ALSA pre-defined component such as ac97 or pcm calls + Each pre-defined ALSA component such as ac97 and pcm calls <function>snd_device_new()</function> inside its constructor. The destructor for each component is defined in the callback pointers. Hence, you don't need to take care of @@ -881,19 +883,19 @@ </para> <para> - If you would like to create your own component, you need to - set the destructor function to dev_free callback in - <parameter>ops</parameter>, so that it can be released - automatically via <function>snd_card_free()</function>. The - example will be shown later as an implementation of a - chip-specific data. + If you wish to create your own component, you need to + set the destructor function to the dev_free callback in + the <parameter>ops</parameter>, so that it can be released + automatically via <function>snd_card_free()</function>. + The next example will show an implementation of chip-specific + data. </para> </section> <section id="card-management-chip-specific"> <title>Chip-Specific Data</title> <para> - The chip-specific information, e.g. the i/o port address, its + Chip-specific information, e.g. the I/O port address, its resource pointer, or the irq number, is stored in the chip-specific record. @@ -909,13 +911,14 @@ </para> <para> - In general, there are two ways to allocate the chip record. + In general, there are two ways of allocating the chip record. </para> <section id="card-management-chip-specific-snd-card-new"> <title>1. Allocating via <function>snd_card_new()</function>.</title> <para> - As mentioned above, you can pass the extra-data-length to the 4th argument of <function>snd_card_new()</function>, i.e. + As mentioned above, you can pass the extra-data-length + to the 4th argument of <function>snd_card_new()</function>, i.e. <informalexample> <programlisting> @@ -925,7 +928,7 @@ </programlisting> </informalexample> - whether struct <structname>mychip</structname> is the type of the chip record. + struct <structname>mychip</structname> is the type of the chip record. </para> <para> @@ -1037,8 +1040,8 @@ <title>Registration and Release</title> <para> After all components are assigned, register the card instance - by calling <function>snd_card_register()</function>. The access - to the device files are enabled at this point. That is, before + by calling <function>snd_card_register()</function>. Access + to the device files is enabled at this point. That is, before <function>snd_card_register()</function> is called, the components are safely inaccessible from external side. If this call fails, exit the probe function after releasing the card via @@ -1047,7 +1050,7 @@ <para> For releasing the card instance, you can call simply - <function>snd_card_free()</function>. As already mentioned, all + <function>snd_card_free()</function>. As mentioned earlier, all components are released automatically by this call. </para> @@ -1055,7 +1058,7 @@ As further notes, the destructors (both <function>snd_mychip_dev_free</function> and <function>snd_mychip_free</function>) cannot be defined with - <parameter>__devexit</parameter> prefix, because they may be + the <parameter>__devexit</parameter> prefix, because they may be called from the constructor, too, at the false path. </para> @@ -1071,20 +1074,20 @@ <!-- ****************************************************** --> -<!-- PCI Resource Managements --> +<!-- PCI Resource Management --> <!-- ****************************************************** --> <chapter id="pci-resource"> - <title>PCI Resource Managements</title> + <title>PCI Resource Management</title> <section id="pci-resource-example"> <title>Full Code Example</title> <para> - In this section, we'll finish the chip-specific constructor, - destructor and PCI entries. The example code is shown first, + In this section, we'll complete the chip-specific constructor, + destructor and PCI entries. Example code is shown first, below. <example> - <title>PCI Resource Managements Example</title> + <title>PCI Resource Management Example</title> <programlisting> <![CDATA[ struct mychip { @@ -1103,7 +1106,7 @@ /* release the irq */ if (chip->irq >= 0) free_irq(chip->irq, chip); - /* release the i/o ports & memory */ + /* release the I/O ports & memory */ pci_release_regions(chip->pci); /* disable the PCI entry */ pci_disable_device(chip->pci); @@ -1196,13 +1199,13 @@ .remove = __devexit_p(snd_mychip_remove), }; - /* initialization of the module */ + /* module initialization */ static int __init alsa_card_mychip_init(void) { return pci_register_driver(&driver); } - /* clean up the module */ + /* module clean up */ static void __exit alsa_card_mychip_exit(void) { pci_unregister_driver(&driver); @@ -1228,10 +1231,10 @@ </para> <para> - In the case of PCI devices, you have to call at first - <function>pci_enable_device()</function> function before + In the case of PCI devices, you first have to call + the <function>pci_enable_device()</function> function before allocating resources. Also, you need to set the proper PCI DMA - mask to limit the accessed i/o range. In some cases, you might + mask to limit the accessed I/O range. In some cases, you might need to call <function>pci_set_master()</function> function, too. </para> @@ -1261,15 +1264,15 @@ <section id="pci-resource-resource-allocation"> <title>Resource Allocation</title> <para> - The allocation of I/O ports and irqs are done via standard kernel + The allocation of I/O ports and irqs is done via standard kernel functions. Unlike ALSA ver.0.5.x., there are no helpers for that. And these resources must be released in the destructor function (see below). Also, on ALSA 0.9.x, you don't need to - allocate (pseudo-)DMA for PCI like ALSA 0.5.x. + allocate (pseudo-)DMA for PCI like in ALSA 0.5.x. </para> <para> - Now assume that this PCI device has an I/O port with 8 bytes + Now assume that the PCI device has an I/O port with 8 bytes and an interrupt. Then struct <structname>mychip</structname> will have the following fields: @@ -1288,7 +1291,7 @@ </para> <para> - For an i/o port (and also a memory region), you need to have + For an I/O port (and also a memory region), you need to have the resource pointer for the standard resource management. For an irq, you have to keep only the irq number (integer). But you need to initialize this number as -1 before actual allocation, @@ -1299,7 +1302,7 @@ </para> <para> - The allocation of an i/o port is done like this: + The allocation of an I/O port is done like this: <informalexample> <programlisting> @@ -1318,12 +1321,12 @@ <para> <!-- obsolete --> - It will reserve the i/o port region of 8 bytes of the given + It will reserve the I/O port region of 8 bytes of the given PCI device. The returned value, chip->res_port, is allocated via <function>kmalloc()</function> by <function>request_region()</function>. The pointer must be - released via <function>kfree()</function>, but there is some - problem regarding this. This issue will be explained more below. + released via <function>kfree()</function>, but there is a + problem with this. This issue will be explained later. </para> <para> @@ -1351,8 +1354,8 @@ </para> <para> - On the PCI bus, the interrupts can be shared. Thus, - <constant>IRQF_SHARED</constant> is given as the interrupt flag of + On the PCI bus, interrupts can be shared. Thus, + <constant>IRQF_SHARED</constant> is used as the interrupt flag of <function>request_irq()</function>. </para> @@ -1364,7 +1367,7 @@ </para> <para> - I won't define the detail of the interrupt handler at this + I won't give details about the interrupt handler at this point, but at least its appearance can be explained now. The interrupt handler looks usually like the following: @@ -1386,11 +1389,11 @@ Now let's write the corresponding destructor for the resources above. The role of destructor is simple: disable the hardware (if already activated) and release the resources. So far, we - have no hardware part, so the disabling is not written here. + have no hardware part, so the disabling code is not written here. </para> <para> - For releasing the resources, <quote>check-and-release</quote> + To release the resources, the <quote>check-and-release</quote> method is a safer way. For the interrupt, do like this: <informalexample> @@ -1410,7 +1413,7 @@ <para> When you requested I/O ports or memory regions via <function>pci_request_region()</function> or - <function>pci_request_regions()</function> like this example, + <function>pci_request_regions()</function> like in this example, release the resource(s) using the corresponding function, <function>pci_release_region()</function> or <function>pci_release_regions()</function>. @@ -1429,7 +1432,7 @@ or <function>request_mem_region</function>, you can release it via <function>release_resource()</function>. Suppose that you keep the resource pointer returned from <function>request_region()</function> - in chip->res_port, the release procedure looks like below: + in chip->res_port, the release procedure looks like: <informalexample> <programlisting> @@ -1442,7 +1445,7 @@ <para> Don't forget to call <function>pci_disable_device()</function> - before all finished. + before the end. </para> <para> @@ -1459,14 +1462,14 @@ <para> Again, remember that you cannot - set <parameter>__devexit</parameter> prefix for this destructor. + use the <parameter>__devexit</parameter> prefix for this destructor. </para> <para> - We didn't implement the hardware-disabling part in the above. + We didn't implement the hardware disabling part in the above. If you need to do this, please note that the destructor may be called even before the initialization of the chip is completed. - It would be better to have a flag to skip the hardware-disabling + It would be better to have a flag to skip hardware disabling if the hardware was not initialized yet. </para> @@ -1475,14 +1478,14 @@ <function>snd_device_new()</function> with <constant>SNDRV_DEV_LOWLELVEL</constant> , its destructor is called at the last. That is, it is assured that all other - components like PCMs and controls have been already released. - You don't have to call stopping PCMs, etc. explicitly, but just - stop the hardware in the low-level. + components like PCMs and controls have already been released. + You don't have to stop PCMs, etc. explicitly, but just + call low-level hardware stopping. </para> <para> The management of a memory-mapped region is almost as same as - the management of an i/o port. You'll need three fields like + the management of an I/O port. You'll need three fields like the following: <informalexample> @@ -1561,8 +1564,8 @@ <section id="pci-resource-entries"> <title>PCI Entries</title> <para> - So far, so good. Let's finish the rest of missing PCI - stuffs. At first, we need a + So far, so good. Let's finish the missing PCI + stuff. At first, we need a <structname>pci_device_id</structname> table for this chipset. It's a table of PCI vendor/device ID number, and some masks. @@ -1588,13 +1591,13 @@ <para> The first and second fields of - <structname>pci_device_id</structname> struct are the vendor and - device IDs. If you have nothing special to filter the matching - devices, you can use the rest of fields like above. The last - field of <structname>pci_device_id</structname> struct is a + the <structname>pci_device_id</structname> structure are the vendor and + device IDs. If you have no reason to filter the matching + devices, you can leave the remaining fields as above. The last + field of the <structname>pci_device_id</structname> struct contains private data for this entry. You can specify any value here, for - example, to tell the type of different operations per each - device IDs. Such an example is found in intel8x0 driver. + example, to define specific operations for supported device IDs. + Such an example is found in the intel8x0 driver. </para> <para> @@ -1621,10 +1624,10 @@ <para> The <structfield>probe</structfield> and - <structfield>remove</structfield> functions are what we already - defined in - the previous sections. The <structfield>remove</structfield> should - be defined with + <structfield>remove</structfield> functions have already + been defined in the previous sections. + The <structfield>remove</structfield> function should + be defined with the <function>__devexit_p()</function> macro, so that it's not defined for built-in (and non-hot-pluggable) case. The <structfield>name</structfield> @@ -1665,8 +1668,7 @@ <para> Oh, one thing was forgotten. If you have no exported symbols, - you need to declare it on 2.2 or 2.4 kernels (on 2.6 kernels - it's not necessary, though). + you need to declare it in 2.2 or 2.4 kernels (it's not necessary in 2.6 kernels). <informalexample> <programlisting> @@ -1698,7 +1700,7 @@ <para> For accessing to the PCM layer, you need to include - <filename><sound/pcm.h></filename> above all. In addition, + <filename><sound/pcm.h></filename> first. In addition, <filename><sound/pcm_params.h></filename> might be needed if you access to some functions related with hw_param. </para> @@ -1707,21 +1709,21 @@ Each card device can have up to four pcm instances. A pcm instance corresponds to a pcm device file. The limitation of number of instances comes only from the available bit size of - the linux's device number. Once when 64bit device number is - used, we'll have more available pcm instances. + the Linux's device numbers. Once when 64bit device number is + used, we'll have more pcm instances available. </para> <para> A pcm instance consists of pcm playback and capture streams, and each pcm stream consists of one or more pcm substreams. Some - soundcard supports the multiple-playback function. For example, + soundcards support multiple playback functions. For example, emu10k1 has a PCM playback of 32 stereo substreams. In this case, at each open, a free substream is (usually) automatically chosen and opened. Meanwhile, when only one substream exists and it was - already opened, the succeeding open will result in the blocking - or the error with <constant>EAGAIN</constant> according to the - file open mode. But you don't have to know the detail in your - driver. The PCM middle layer will take all such jobs. + already opened, the successful open will either block + or error with <constant>EAGAIN</constant> according to the + file open mode. But you don't have to care about such details in your + driver. The PCM middle layer will take care of such work. </para> </section> @@ -1944,7 +1946,7 @@ <section id="pcm-interface-constructor"> <title>Constructor</title> <para> - A pcm instance is allocated by <function>snd_pcm_new()</function> + A pcm instance is allocated by the <function>snd_pcm_new()</function> function. It would be better to create a constructor for pcm, namely, @@ -1971,23 +1973,23 @@ </para> <para> - The <function>snd_pcm_new()</function> function takes the four + The <function>snd_pcm_new()</function> function takes four arguments. The first argument is the card pointer to which this pcm is assigned, and the second is the ID string. </para> <para> The third argument (<parameter>index</parameter>, 0 in the - above) is the index of this new pcm. It begins from zero. When - you will create more than one pcm instances, specify the + above) is the index of this new pcm. It begins from zero. If + you create more than one pcm instances, specify the different numbers in this argument. For example, <parameter>index</parameter> = 1 for the second PCM device. </para> <para> The fourth and fifth arguments are the number of substreams - for playback and capture, respectively. Here both 1 are given in - the above example. When no playback or no capture is available, + for playback and capture, respectively. Here 1 is used for + both arguments. When no playback or capture substreams are available, pass 0 to the corresponding argument. </para> @@ -2045,13 +2047,13 @@ </programlisting> </informalexample> - Each of callbacks is explained in the subsection + All the callbacks are described in the <link linkend="pcm-interface-operators"><citetitle> - Operators</citetitle></link>. + Operators</citetitle></link> subsection. </para> <para> - After setting the operators, most likely you'd like to + After setting the operators, you probably will want to pre-allocate the buffer. For the pre-allocation, simply call the following: @@ -2065,8 +2067,8 @@ </programlisting> </informalexample> - It will allocate up to 64kB buffer as default. The details of - buffer management will be described in the later section <link + It will allocate a buffer up to 64kB as default. + Buffer management details will be described in the later section <link linkend="buffer-and-memory"><citetitle>Buffer and Memory Management</citetitle></link>. </para> @@ -2095,13 +2097,13 @@ <para> The destructor for a pcm instance is not always necessary. Since the pcm device will be released by the middle - layer code automatically, you don't have to call destructor + layer code automatically, you don't have to call the destructor explicitly. </para> <para> - The destructor would be necessary when you created some - special records internally and need to release them. In such a + The destructor would be necessary if you created + special records internally and needed to release them. In such a case, set the destructor function to pcm->private_free: @@ -2141,16 +2143,15 @@ When the PCM substream is opened, a PCM runtime instance is allocated and assigned to the substream. This pointer is accessible via <constant>substream->runtime</constant>. - This runtime pointer holds the various information; it holds - the copy of hw_params and sw_params configurations, the buffer - pointers, mmap records, spinlocks, etc. Almost everything you - need for controlling the PCM can be found there. + This runtime pointer holds most information you need + to control the PCM: the copy of hw_params and sw_params configurations, the buffer + pointers, mmap records, spinlocks, etc. </para> <para> The definition of runtime instance is found in - <filename><sound/pcm.h></filename>. Here is the - copy from the file. + <filename><sound/pcm.h></filename>. Here are + the contents of this file: <informalexample> <programlisting> <![CDATA[ @@ -2185,7 +2186,6 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { struct timespec tstamp_mode; /* mmap timestamp is updated */ unsigned int period_step; unsigned int sleep_min; /* min ticks to sleep */ - snd_pcm_uframes_t xfer_align; /* xfer size need to be a multiple */ snd_pcm_uframes_t start_threshold; snd_pcm_uframes_t stop_threshold; snd_pcm_uframes_t silence_threshold; /* Silence filling happens when @@ -2244,7 +2244,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> For the operators (callbacks) of each sound driver, most of these records are supposed to be read-only. Only the PCM - middle-layer changes / updates these info. The exceptions are + middle-layer changes / updates them. The exceptions are the hardware description (hw), interrupt callbacks (transfer_ack_xxx), DMA buffer information, and the private data. Besides, if you use the standard buffer allocation @@ -2285,7 +2285,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - Typically, you'll have a hardware descriptor like below: + Typically, you'll have a hardware descriptor as below: <informalexample> <programlisting> <![CDATA[ @@ -2320,10 +2320,10 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_XXX</constant>. Here, at least, you have to specify whether the mmap is supported and which interleaved format is supported. - When the mmap is supported, add + When the is supported, add the <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP</constant> flag here. When the hardware supports the interleaved or the non-interleaved - format, <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED</constant> or + formats, <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED</constant> or <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_NONINTERLEAVED</constant> flag must be set, respectively. If both are supported, you can set both, too. @@ -2331,7 +2331,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> In the above example, <constant>MMAP_VALID</constant> and - <constant>BLOCK_TRANSFER</constant> are specified for OSS mmap + <constant>BLOCK_TRANSFER</constant> are specified for the OSS mmap mode. Usually both are set. Of course, <constant>MMAP_VALID</constant> is set only if the mmap is really supported. @@ -2345,11 +2345,11 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <quote>pause</quote> operation, while the <constant>RESUME</constant> bit means that the pcm supports the full <quote>suspend/resume</quote> operation. - If <constant>PAUSE</constant> flag is set, + If the <constant>PAUSE</constant> flag is set, the <structfield>trigger</structfield> callback below must handle the corresponding (pause push/release) commands. The suspend/resume trigger commands can be defined even without - <constant>RESUME</constant> flag. See <link + the <constant>RESUME</constant> flag. See <link linkend="power-management"><citetitle> Power Management</citetitle></link> section for details. </para> @@ -2382,7 +2382,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <constant>CONTINUOUS</constant> bit additionally. The pre-defined rate bits are provided only for typical rates. If your chip supports unconventional rates, you need to add - <constant>KNOT</constant> bit and set up the hardware + the <constant>KNOT</constant> bit and set up the hardware constraint manually (explained later). </para> </listitem> @@ -2390,8 +2390,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <listitem> <para> <structfield>rate_min</structfield> and - <structfield>rate_max</structfield> define the minimal and - maximal sample rate. This should correspond somehow to + <structfield>rate_max</structfield> define the minimum and + maximum sample rate. This should correspond somehow to <structfield>rates</structfield> bits. </para> </listitem> @@ -2400,7 +2400,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> <structfield>channel_min</structfield> and <structfield>channel_max</structfield> - define, as you might already expected, the minimal and maximal + define, as you might already expected, the minimum and maximum number of channels. </para> </listitem> @@ -2408,21 +2408,21 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <listitem> <para> <structfield>buffer_bytes_max</structfield> defines the - maximal buffer size in bytes. There is no + maximum buffer size in bytes. There is no <structfield>buffer_bytes_min</structfield> field, since - it can be calculated from the minimal period size and the - minimal number of periods. + it can be calculated from the minimum period size and the + minimum number of periods. Meanwhile, <structfield>period_bytes_min</structfield> and - define the minimal and maximal size of the period in bytes. + define the minimum and maximum size of the period in bytes. <structfield>periods_max</structfield> and - <structfield>periods_min</structfield> define the maximal and - minimal number of periods in the buffer. + <structfield>periods_min</structfield> define the maximum and + minimum number of periods in the buffer. </para> <para> - The <quote>period</quote> is a term, that corresponds to - fragment in the OSS world. The period defines the size at - which the PCM interrupt is generated. This size strongly + The <quote>period</quote> is a term that corresponds to + a fragment in the OSS world. The period defines the size at + which a PCM interrupt is generated. This size strongly depends on the hardware. Generally, the smaller period size will give you more interrupts, that is, more controls. @@ -2435,8 +2435,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <listitem> <para> There is also a field <structfield>fifo_size</structfield>. - This specifies the size of the hardware FIFO, but it's not - used currently in the driver nor in the alsa-lib. So, you + This specifies the size of the hardware FIFO, but currently it + is neither used in the driver nor in the alsa-lib. So, you can ignore this field. </para> </listitem> @@ -2450,7 +2450,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { Ok, let's go back again to the PCM runtime records. The most frequently referred records in the runtime instance are the PCM configurations. - The PCM configurations are stored on runtime instance + The PCM configurations are stored in the runtime instance after the application sends <type>hw_params</type> data via alsa-lib. There are many fields copied from hw_params and sw_params structs. For example, @@ -2461,11 +2461,11 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> One thing to be noted is that the configured buffer and period - sizes are stored in <quote>frames</quote> in the runtime + sizes are stored in <quote>frames</quote> in the runtime. In the ALSA world, 1 frame = channels * samples-size. For conversion between frames and bytes, you can use the - helper functions, <function>frames_to_bytes()</function> and - <function>bytes_to_frames()</function>. + <function>frames_to_bytes()</function> and + <function>bytes_to_frames()</function> helper functions. <informalexample> <programlisting> <![CDATA[ @@ -2515,7 +2515,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <structfield>dma_area</structfield> is necessary when the buffer is mmapped. If your driver doesn't support mmap, this field is not necessary. <structfield>dma_addr</structfield> - is also not mandatory. You can use + is also optional. You can use <structfield>dma_private</structfield> as you like, too. </para> </section> @@ -2524,14 +2524,14 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <title>Running Status</title> <para> The running status can be referred via <constant>runtime->status</constant>. - This is the pointer to struct <structname>snd_pcm_mmap_status</structname> + This is the pointer to the struct <structname>snd_pcm_mmap_status</structname> record. For example, you can get the current DMA hardware pointer via <constant>runtime->status->hw_ptr</constant>. </para> <para> The DMA application pointer can be referred via - <constant>runtime->control</constant>, which points + <constant>runtime->control</constant>, which points to the struct <structname>snd_pcm_mmap_control</structname> record. However, accessing directly to this value is not recommended. </para> @@ -2542,14 +2542,14 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> You can allocate a record for the substream and store it in <constant>runtime->private_data</constant>. Usually, this - done in + is done in <link linkend="pcm-interface-operators-open-callback"><citetitle> the open callback</citetitle></link>. Don't mix this with <constant>pcm->private_data</constant>. - The <constant>pcm->private_data</constant> usually points the + The <constant>pcm->private_data</constant> usually points to the chip instance assigned statically at the creation of PCM, while the - <constant>runtime->private_data</constant> points a dynamic - data created at the PCM open callback. + <constant>runtime->private_data</constant> points to a dynamic + data structure created at the PCM open callback. <informalexample> <programlisting> @@ -2579,7 +2579,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> The field <structfield>transfer_ack_begin</structfield> and <structfield>transfer_ack_end</structfield> are called at - the beginning and the end of + the beginning and at the end of <function>snd_pcm_period_elapsed()</function>, respectively. </para> </section> @@ -2589,17 +2589,18 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <section id="pcm-interface-operators"> <title>Operators</title> <para> - OK, now let me explain the detail of each pcm callback + OK, now let me give details about each pcm callback (<parameter>ops</parameter>). In general, every callback must - return 0 if successful, or a negative number with the error - number such as <constant>-EINVAL</constant> at any - error. + return 0 if successful, or a negative error number + such as <constant>-EINVAL</constant>. To choose an appropriate + error number, it is advised to check what value other parts of + the kernel return when the same kind of request fails. </para> <para> The callback function takes at least the argument with - <structname>snd_pcm_substream</structname> pointer. For retrieving the - chip record from the given substream instance, you can use the + <structname>snd_pcm_substream</structname> pointer. To retrieve + the chip record from the given substream instance, you can use the following macro. <informalexample> @@ -2616,7 +2617,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { The macro reads <constant>substream->private_data</constant>, which is a copy of <constant>pcm->private_data</constant>. You can override the former if you need to assign different data - records per PCM substream. For example, cmi8330 driver assigns + records per PCM substream. For example, the cmi8330 driver assigns different private_data for playback and capture directions, because it uses two different codecs (SB- and AD-compatible) for different directions. @@ -2709,7 +2710,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <section id="pcm-interface-operators-ioctl-callback"> <title>ioctl callback</title> <para> - This is used for any special action to pcm ioctls. But + This is used for any special call to pcm ioctls. But usually you can pass a generic ioctl callback, <function>snd_pcm_lib_ioctl</function>. </para> @@ -2726,9 +2727,6 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { ]]> </programlisting> </informalexample> - - This and <structfield>hw_free</structfield> callbacks exist - only on ALSA 0.9.x. </para> <para> @@ -2740,13 +2738,13 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - Many hardware set-up should be done in this callback, + Many hardware setups should be done in this callback, including the allocation of buffers. </para> <para> Parameters to be initialized are retrieved by - <function>params_xxx()</function> macros. For allocating a + <function>params_xxx()</function> macros. To allocate buffer, you can call a helper function, <informalexample> @@ -2772,8 +2770,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - Thus, you need to take care not to allocate the same buffers - many times, which will lead to memory leak! Calling the + Thus, you need to be careful not to allocate the same buffers + many times, which will lead to memory leaks! Calling the helper function above many times is OK. It will release the previous buffer automatically when it was already allocated. </para> @@ -2782,7 +2780,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { Another note is that this callback is non-atomic (schedulable). This is important, because the <structfield>trigger</structfield> callback - is atomic (non-schedulable). That is, mutex or any + is atomic (non-schedulable). That is, mutexes or any schedule-related functions are not available in <structfield>trigger</structfield> callback. Please see the subsection @@ -2843,15 +2841,15 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <quote>prepared</quote>. You can set the format type, sample rate, etc. here. The difference from <structfield>hw_params</structfield> is that the - <structfield>prepare</structfield> callback will be called at each + <structfield>prepare</structfield> callback will be called each time <function>snd_pcm_prepare()</function> is called, i.e. when - recovered after underruns, etc. + recovering after underruns, etc. </para> <para> - Note that this callback became non-atomic since the recent version. - You can use schedule-related functions safely in this callback now. + Note that this callback is now non-atomic. + You can use schedule-related functions safely in this callback. </para> <para> @@ -2871,7 +2869,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> Be careful that this callback will be called many times at - each set up, too. + each setup, too. </para> </section> @@ -2893,7 +2891,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { Which action is specified in the second argument, <constant>SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_XXX</constant> in <filename><sound/pcm.h></filename>. At least, - <constant>START</constant> and <constant>STOP</constant> + the <constant>START</constant> and <constant>STOP</constant> commands must be defined in this callback. <informalexample> @@ -2915,8 +2913,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - When the pcm supports the pause operation (given in info - field of the hardware table), <constant>PAUSE_PUSE</constant> + When the pcm supports the pause operation (given in the info + field of the hardware table), the <constant>PAUSE_PUSE</constant> and <constant>PAUSE_RELEASE</constant> commands must be handled here, too. The former is the command to pause the pcm, and the latter to restart the pcm again. @@ -2925,21 +2923,21 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> When the pcm supports the suspend/resume operation, regardless of full or partial suspend/resume support, - <constant>SUSPEND</constant> and <constant>RESUME</constant> + the <constant>SUSPEND</constant> and <constant>RESUME</constant> commands must be handled, too. These commands are issued when the power-management status is changed. Obviously, the <constant>SUSPEND</constant> and - <constant>RESUME</constant> - do suspend and resume of the pcm substream, and usually, they - are identical with <constant>STOP</constant> and + <constant>RESUME</constant> commands + suspend and resume the pcm substream, and usually, they + are identical to the <constant>STOP</constant> and <constant>START</constant> commands, respectively. - See <link linkend="power-management"><citetitle> + See the <link linkend="power-management"><citetitle> Power Management</citetitle></link> section for details. </para> <para> As mentioned, this callback is atomic. You cannot call - the function going to sleep. + functions which may sleep. The trigger callback should be as minimal as possible, just really triggering the DMA. The other stuff should be initialized hw_params and prepare callbacks properly @@ -2960,8 +2958,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { This callback is called when the PCM middle layer inquires the current hardware position on the buffer. The position must - be returned in frames (which was in bytes on ALSA 0.5.x), - ranged from 0 to buffer_size - 1. + be returned in frames, + ranging from 0 to buffer_size - 1. </para> <para> @@ -2983,7 +2981,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> These callbacks are not mandatory, and can be omitted in most cases. These callbacks are used when the hardware buffer - cannot be on the normal memory space. Some chips have their + cannot be in the normal memory space. Some chips have their own buffer on the hardware which is not mappable. In such a case, you have to transfer the data manually from the memory buffer to the hardware buffer. Or, if the buffer is @@ -3018,8 +3016,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <title>page callback</title> <para> - This callback is also not mandatory. This callback is used - mainly for the non-contiguous buffer. The mmap calls this + This callback is optional too. This callback is used + mainly for non-contiguous buffers. The mmap calls this callback to get the page address. Some examples will be explained in the later section <link linkend="buffer-and-memory"><citetitle>Buffer and Memory @@ -3035,7 +3033,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { role of PCM interrupt handler in the sound driver is to update the buffer position and to tell the PCM middle layer when the buffer position goes across the prescribed period size. To - inform this, call <function>snd_pcm_period_elapsed()</function> + inform this, call the <function>snd_pcm_period_elapsed()</function> function. </para> @@ -3072,7 +3070,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - A typical coding would be like: + Typical code would be like: <example> <title>Interrupt Handler Case #1</title> @@ -3101,21 +3099,21 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </section> <section id="pcm-interface-interrupt-handler-timer"> - <title>High-frequent timer interrupts</title> + <title>High frequency timer interrupts</title> <para> - This is the case when the hardware doesn't generate interrupts - at the period boundary but do timer-interrupts at the fixed + This happense when the hardware doesn't generate interrupts + at the period boundary but issues timer interrupts at a fixed timer rate (e.g. es1968 or ymfpci drivers). In this case, you need to check the current hardware - position and accumulates the processed sample length at each - interrupt. When the accumulated size overcomes the period + position and accumulate the processed sample length at each + interrupt. When the accumulated size exceeds the period size, call <function>snd_pcm_period_elapsed()</function> and reset the accumulator. </para> <para> - A typical coding would be like the following. + Typical code would be like the following. <example> <title>Interrupt Handler Case #2</title> @@ -3178,32 +3176,33 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <section id="pcm-interface-atomicity"> <title>Atomicity</title> <para> - One of the most important (and thus difficult to debug) problem - on the kernel programming is the race condition. - On linux kernel, usually it's solved via spin-locks or - semaphores. In general, if the race condition may - happen in the interrupt handler, it's handled as atomic, and you - have to use spinlock for protecting the critical session. If it - never happens in the interrupt and it may take relatively long - time, you should use semaphore. + One of the most important (and thus difficult to debug) problems + in kernel programming are race conditions. + In the Linux kernel, they are usually avoided via spin-locks, mutexes + or semaphores. In general, if a race condition can happen + in an interrupt handler, it has to be managed atomically, and you + have to use a spinlock to protect the critical session. If the + critical section is not in interrupt handler code and + if taking a relatively long time to execute is acceptable, you + should use mutexes or semaphores instead. </para> <para> As already seen, some pcm callbacks are atomic and some are - not. For example, <parameter>hw_params</parameter> callback is + not. For example, the <parameter>hw_params</parameter> callback is non-atomic, while <parameter>trigger</parameter> callback is atomic. This means, the latter is called already in a spinlock held by the PCM middle layer. Please take this atomicity into - account when you use a spinlock or a semaphore in the callbacks. + account when you choose a locking scheme in the callbacks. </para> <para> In the atomic callbacks, you cannot use functions which may call <function>schedule</function> or go to - <function>sleep</function>. The semaphore and mutex do sleep, + <function>sleep</function>. Semaphores and mutexes can sleep, and hence they cannot be used inside the atomic callbacks (e.g. <parameter>trigger</parameter> callback). - For taking a certain delay in such a callback, please use + To implement some delay in such a callback, please use <function>udelay()</function> or <function>mdelay()</function>. </para> @@ -3257,7 +3256,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> There are many different constraints. - Look in <filename>sound/pcm.h</filename> for a complete list. + Look at <filename>sound/pcm.h</filename> for a complete list. You can even define your own constraint rules. For example, let's suppose my_chip can manage a substream of 1 channel if and only if the format is S16_LE, otherwise it supports any format @@ -3346,7 +3345,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - I won't explain more details here, rather I + I won't give more details here, rather I would like to say, <quote>Luke, use the source.</quote> </para> </section> @@ -3364,10 +3363,9 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <title>General</title> <para> The control interface is used widely for many switches, - sliders, etc. which are accessed from the user-space. Its most - important use is the mixer interface. In other words, on ALSA - 0.9.x, all the mixer stuff is implemented on the control kernel - API (while there was an independent mixer kernel API on 0.5.x). + sliders, etc. which are accessed from user-space. Its most + important use is the mixer interface. In other words, since ALSA + 0.9.x, all the mixer stuff is implemented on the control kernel API. </para> <para> @@ -3379,14 +3377,15 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> The control API is defined in <filename><sound/control.h></filename>. - Include this file if you add your own controls. + Include this file if you want to add your own controls. </para> </section> <section id="control-interface-definition"> <title>Definition of Controls</title> <para> - For creating a new control, you need to define the three + To create a new control, you need to define the + following three callbacks: <structfield>info</structfield>, <structfield>get</structfield> and <structfield>put</structfield>. Then, define a @@ -3414,13 +3413,13 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> Most likely the control is created via <function>snd_ctl_new1()</function>, and in such a case, you can - add <parameter>__devinitdata</parameter> prefix to the - definition like above. + add the <parameter>__devinitdata</parameter> prefix to the + definition as above. </para> <para> - The <structfield>iface</structfield> field specifies the type of - the control, <constant>SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_XXX</constant>, which + The <structfield>iface</structfield> field specifies the control + type, <constant>SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_XXX</constant>, which is usually <constant>MIXER</constant>. Use <constant>CARD</constant> for global controls that are not logically part of the mixer. @@ -3435,12 +3434,11 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> The <structfield>name</structfield> is the name identifier - string. On ALSA 0.9.x, the control name is very important, + string. Since ALSA 0.9.x, the control name is very important, because its role is classified from its name. There are pre-defined standard control names. The details are described in - the subsection - <link linkend="control-interface-control-names"><citetitle> - Control Names</citetitle></link>. + the <link linkend="control-interface-control-names"><citetitle> + Control Names</citetitle></link> subsection. </para> <para> @@ -3456,15 +3454,15 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { The <structfield>access</structfield> field contains the access type of this control. Give the combination of bit masks, <constant>SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_XXX</constant>, there. - The detailed will be explained in the subsection - <link linkend="control-interface-access-flags"><citetitle> - Access Flags</citetitle></link>. + The details will be explained in + the <link linkend="control-interface-access-flags"><citetitle> + Access Flags</citetitle></link> subsection. </para> <para> The <structfield>private_value</structfield> field contains an arbitrary long integer value for this record. When using - generic <structfield>info</structfield>, + the generic <structfield>info</structfield>, <structfield>get</structfield> and <structfield>put</structfield> callbacks, you can pass a value through this field. If several small numbers are necessary, you can @@ -3489,7 +3487,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <section id="control-interface-control-names"> <title>Control Names</title> <para> - There are some standards for defining the control names. A + There are some standards to define the control names. A control is usually defined from the three parts as <quote>SOURCE DIRECTION FUNCTION</quote>. </para> @@ -3497,7 +3495,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> The first, <constant>SOURCE</constant>, specifies the source of the control, and is a string such as <quote>Master</quote>, - <quote>PCM</quote>, <quote>CD</quote> or + <quote>PCM</quote>, <quote>CD</quote> and <quote>Line</quote>. There are many pre-defined sources. </para> @@ -3575,22 +3573,22 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <title>Access Flags</title> <para> - The access flag is the bit-flags which specifies the access type + The access flag is the bitmask which specifies the access type of the given control. The default access type is <constant>SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READWRITE</constant>, which means both read and write are allowed to this control. When the access flag is omitted (i.e. = 0), it is - regarded as <constant>READWRITE</constant> access as default. + considered as <constant>READWRITE</constant> access as default. </para> <para> When the control is read-only, pass <constant>SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ</constant> instead. In this case, you don't have to define - <structfield>put</structfield> callback. + the <structfield>put</structfield> callback. Similarly, when the control is write-only (although it's a rare - case), you can use <constant>WRITE</constant> flag instead, and - you don't need <structfield>get</structfield> callback. + case), you can use the <constant>WRITE</constant> flag instead, and + you don't need the <structfield>get</structfield> callback. </para> <para> @@ -3598,15 +3596,15 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <constant>VOLATILE</constant> flag should be given. This means that the control may be changed without <link linkend="control-interface-change-notification"><citetitle> - notification</citetitle></link>. Applications should poll such + notification</citetitle></link>. Applications should poll such a control constantly. </para> <para> When the control is inactive, set - <constant>INACTIVE</constant> flag, too. + the <constant>INACTIVE</constant> flag, too. There are <constant>LOCK</constant> and - <constant>OWNER</constant> flags for changing the write + <constant>OWNER</constant> flags to change the write permissions. </para> @@ -3619,10 +3617,10 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <title>info callback</title> <para> The <structfield>info</structfield> callback is used to get - the detailed information of this control. This must store the + detailed information on this control. This must store the values of the given struct <structname>snd_ctl_elem_info</structname> object. For example, for a boolean control with a single - element will be: + element: <example> <title>Example of info callback</title> @@ -3653,7 +3651,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { volume would have count = 2. The <structfield>value</structfield> field is a union, and the values stored are depending on the type. The boolean and - integer are identical. + integer types are identical. </para> <para> @@ -3684,7 +3682,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - Some common info callbacks are prepared for easy use: + Some common info callbacks are available for your convenience: <function>snd_ctl_boolean_mono_info()</function> and <function>snd_ctl_boolean_stereo_info()</function>. Obviously, the former is an info callback for a mono channel @@ -3699,7 +3697,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> This callback is used to read the current value of the - control and to return to the user-space. + control and to return to user-space. </para> <para> @@ -3722,11 +3720,11 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - The <structfield>value</structfield> field is depending on - the type of control as well as on info callback. For example, + The <structfield>value</structfield> field depends on + the type of control as well as on the info callback. For example, the sb driver uses this field to store the register offset, the bit-shift and the bit-mask. The - <structfield>private_value</structfield> is set like + <structfield>private_value</structfield> field is set as follows: <informalexample> <programlisting> <![CDATA[ @@ -3752,7 +3750,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - In <structfield>get</structfield> callback, you have to fill all the elements if the + In the <structfield>get</structfield> callback, + you have to fill all the elements if the control has more than one elements, i.e. <structfield>count</structfield> > 1. In the example above, we filled only one element @@ -3765,7 +3764,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <title>put callback</title> <para> - This callback is used to write a value from the user-space. + This callback is used to write a value from user-space. </para> <para> @@ -3799,7 +3798,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - Like <structfield>get</structfield> callback, + As in the <structfield>get</structfield> callback, when the control has more than one elements, all elements must be evaluated in this callback, too. </para> @@ -3817,7 +3816,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <title>Constructor</title> <para> When everything is ready, finally we can create a new - control. For creating a control, there are two functions to be + control. To create a control, there are two functions to be called, <function>snd_ctl_new1()</function> and <function>snd_ctl_add()</function>. </para> @@ -3839,14 +3838,14 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { struct <structname>snd_kcontrol_new</structname> object defined above, and chip is the object pointer to be passed to kcontrol->private_data - which can be referred in callbacks. + which can be referred to in callbacks. </para> <para> <function>snd_ctl_new1()</function> allocates a new <structname>snd_kcontrol</structname> instance (that's why the definition of <parameter>my_control</parameter> can be with - <parameter>__devinitdata</parameter> + the <parameter>__devinitdata</parameter> prefix), and <function>snd_ctl_add</function> assigns the given control component to the card. </para> @@ -3941,7 +3940,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <title>General</title> <para> The ALSA AC97 codec layer is a well-defined one, and you don't - have to write many codes to control it. Only low-level control + have to write much code to control it. Only low-level control routines are necessary. The AC97 codec API is defined in <filename><sound/ac97_codec.h></filename>. </para> @@ -4004,7 +4003,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <section id="api-ac97-constructor"> <title>Constructor</title> <para> - For creating an ac97 instance, first call <function>snd_ac97_bus</function> + To create an ac97 instance, first call <function>snd_ac97_bus</function> with an <type>ac97_bus_ops_t</type> record with callback functions. <informalexample> @@ -4042,12 +4041,12 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </programlisting> </informalexample> - where chip->ac97 is the pointer of a newly created + where chip->ac97 is a pointer to a newly created <type>ac97_t</type> instance. In this case, the chip pointer is set as the private data, so that the read/write callback functions can refer to this chip instance. This instance is not necessarily stored in the chip - record. When you need to change the register values from the + record. If you need to change the register values from the driver, or need the suspend/resume of ac97 codecs, keep this pointer to pass to the corresponding functions. </para> @@ -4098,7 +4097,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - These callbacks are non-atomic like the callbacks of control API. + These callbacks are non-atomic like the control API callbacks. </para> <para> @@ -4110,14 +4109,14 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> The <structfield>reset</structfield> callback is used to reset - the codec. If the chip requires a special way of reset, you can + the codec. If the chip requires a special kind of reset, you can define this callback. </para> <para> - The <structfield>wait</structfield> callback is used for a - certain wait at the standard initialization of the codec. If the - chip requires the extra wait-time, define this callback. + The <structfield>wait</structfield> callback is used to + add some waiting time in the standard initialization of the codec. If the + chip requires the extra waiting time, define this callback. </para> <para> @@ -4172,7 +4171,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> <function>snd_ac97_update_bits()</function> is used to update - some bits of the given register. + some bits in the given register. <informalexample> <programlisting> @@ -4185,7 +4184,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> Also, there is a function to change the sample rate (of a - certain register such as + given register such as <constant>AC97_PCM_FRONT_DAC_RATE</constant>) when VRA or DRA is supported by the codec: <function>snd_ac97_set_rate()</function>. @@ -4200,11 +4199,11 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - The following registers are available for setting the rate: + The following registers are available to set the rate: <constant>AC97_PCM_MIC_ADC_RATE</constant>, <constant>AC97_PCM_FRONT_DAC_RATE</constant>, <constant>AC97_PCM_LR_ADC_RATE</constant>, - <constant>AC97_SPDIF</constant>. When the + <constant>AC97_SPDIF</constant>. When <constant>AC97_SPDIF</constant> is specified, the register is not really changed but the corresponding IEC958 status bits will be updated. @@ -4214,12 +4213,11 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <section id="api-ac97-clock-adjustment"> <title>Clock Adjustment</title> <para> - On some chip, the clock of the codec isn't 48000 but using a + In some chips, the clock of the codec isn't 48000 but using a PCI clock (to save a quartz!). In this case, change the field bus->clock to the corresponding value. For example, intel8x0 - and es1968 drivers have the auto-measurement function of the - clock. + and es1968 drivers have their own function to read from the clock. </para> </section> @@ -4239,15 +4237,13 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { When there are several codecs on the same card, you need to call <function>snd_ac97_mixer()</function> multiple times with ac97.num=1 or greater. The <structfield>num</structfield> field - specifies the codec - number. + specifies the codec number. </para> <para> - If you have set up multiple codecs, you need to either write + If you set up multiple codecs, you either need to write different callbacks for each codec or check - ac97->num in the - callback routines. + ac97->num in the callback routines. </para> </section> @@ -4271,7 +4267,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - Some soundchips have similar but a little bit different + Some soundchips have a similar but slightly different implementation of mpu401 stuff. For example, emu10k1 has its own mpu401 routines. </para> @@ -4280,7 +4276,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <section id="midi-interface-constructor"> <title>Constructor</title> <para> - For creating a rawmidi object, call + To create a rawmidi object, call <function>snd_mpu401_uart_new()</function>. <informalexample> @@ -4307,25 +4303,24 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - The 4th argument is the i/o port address. Many - backward-compatible MPU401 has an i/o port such as 0x330. Or, it - might be a part of its own PCI i/o region. It depends on the + The 4th argument is the I/O port address. Many + backward-compatible MPU401 have an I/O port such as 0x330. Or, it + might be a part of its own PCI I/O region. It depends on the chip design. </para> <para> - The 5th argument is bitflags for additional information. - When the i/o port address above is a part of the PCI i/o - region, the MPU401 i/o port might have been already allocated + The 5th argument is a bitflag for additional information. + When the I/O port address above is part of the PCI I/O + region, the MPU401 I/O port might have been already allocated (reserved) by the driver itself. In such a case, pass a bit flag <constant>MPU401_INFO_INTEGRATED</constant>, - and - the mpu401-uart layer will allocate the i/o ports by itself. + and the mpu401-uart layer will allocate the I/O ports by itself. </para> <para> When the controller supports only the input or output MIDI stream, - pass <constant>MPU401_INFO_INPUT</constant> or + pass the <constant>MPU401_INFO_INPUT</constant> or <constant>MPU401_INFO_OUTPUT</constant> bitflag, respectively. Then the rawmidi instance is created as a single stream. </para> @@ -4333,7 +4328,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> <constant>MPU401_INFO_MMIO</constant> bitflag is used to change the access method to MMIO (via readb and writeb) instead of - iob and outb. In this case, you have to pass the iomapped address + iob and outb. In this case, you have to pass the iomapped address to <function>snd_mpu401_uart_new()</function>. </para> @@ -4341,7 +4336,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { When <constant>MPU401_INFO_TX_IRQ</constant> is set, the output stream isn't checked in the default interrupt handler. The driver needs to call <function>snd_mpu401_uart_interrupt_tx()</function> - by itself to start processing the output stream in irq handler. + by itself to start processing the output stream in the irq handler. </para> <para> @@ -4381,7 +4376,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { (<parameter>irq_flags</parameter>). Otherwise, pass the flags for irq allocation (<constant>SA_XXX</constant> bits) to it, and the irq will be - reserved by the mpu401-uart layer. If the card doesn't generates + reserved by the mpu401-uart layer. If the card doesn't generate UART interrupts, pass -1 as the irq number. Then a timer interrupt will be invoked for polling. </para> @@ -4392,8 +4387,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> When the interrupt is allocated in <function>snd_mpu401_uart_new()</function>, the private - interrupt handler is used, hence you don't have to do nothing - else than creating the mpu401 stuff. Otherwise, you have to call + interrupt handler is used, hence you don't have anything else to do + than creating the mpu401 stuff. Otherwise, you have to call <function>snd_mpu401_uart_interrupt()</function> explicitly when a UART interrupt is invoked and checked in your own interrupt handler. @@ -4480,8 +4475,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> The fourth and fifth arguments are the number of output and - input substreams, respectively, of this device. (A substream is - the equivalent of a MIDI port.) + input substreams, respectively, of this device (a substream is + the equivalent of a MIDI port). </para> <para> @@ -4498,7 +4493,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> After the rawmidi device is created, you need to set the operators (callbacks) for each substream. There are helper - functions to set the operators for all substream of a device: + functions to set the operators for all the substreams of a device: <informalexample> <programlisting> <![CDATA[ @@ -4528,8 +4523,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - If there is more than one substream, you should give each one a - unique name: + If there are more than one substream, you should give a + unique name to each of them: <informalexample> <programlisting> <![CDATA[ @@ -4550,7 +4545,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <title>Callbacks</title> <para> - In all callbacks, the private data that you've set for the + In all the callbacks, the private data that you've set for the rawmidi device can be accessed as substream->rmidi->private_data. <!-- <code> isn't available before DocBook 4.3 --> @@ -4583,8 +4578,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> This is called when a substream is opened. - You can initialize the hardware here, but you should not yet - start transmitting/receiving data. + You can initialize the hardware here, but you shouldn't + start transmitting/receiving data yet. </para> </section> @@ -4632,9 +4627,9 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { To read data from the buffer, call <function>snd_rawmidi_transmit_peek</function>. It will return the number of bytes that have been read; this will be - less than the number of bytes requested when there is no more + less than the number of bytes requested when there are no more data in the buffer. - After the data has been transmitted successfully, call + After the data have been transmitted successfully, call <function>snd_rawmidi_transmit_ack</function> to remove the data from the substream buffer: <informalexample> @@ -4655,7 +4650,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> If you know beforehand that the hardware will accept data, you can use the <function>snd_rawmidi_transmit</function> function - which reads some data and removes it from the buffer at once: + which reads some data and removes them from the buffer at once: <informalexample> <programlisting> <![CDATA[ @@ -4749,13 +4744,13 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> This is only used with output substreams. This function should wait - until all data read from the substream buffer has been transmitted. + until all data read from the substream buffer have been transmitted. This ensures that the device can be closed and the driver unloaded without losing data. </para> <para> - This callback is optional. If you do not set + This callback is optional. If you do not set <structfield>drain</structfield> in the struct snd_rawmidi_ops structure, ALSA will simply wait for 50 milliseconds instead. @@ -4775,24 +4770,24 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <section id="misc-devices-opl3"> <title>FM OPL3</title> <para> - The FM OPL3 is still used on many chips (mainly for backward + The FM OPL3 is still used in many chips (mainly for backward compatibility). ALSA has a nice OPL3 FM control layer, too. The OPL3 API is defined in <filename><sound/opl3.h></filename>. </para> <para> - FM registers can be directly accessed through direct-FM API, + FM registers can be directly accessed through the direct-FM API, defined in <filename><sound/asound_fm.h></filename>. In ALSA native mode, FM registers are accessed through - Hardware-Dependant Device direct-FM extension API, whereas in - OSS compatible mode, FM registers can be accessed with OSS - direct-FM compatible API on <filename>/dev/dmfmX</filename> device. + the Hardware-Dependant Device direct-FM extension API, whereas in + OSS compatible mode, FM registers can be accessed with the OSS + direct-FM compatible API in <filename>/dev/dmfmX</filename> device. </para> <para> - For creating the OPL3 component, you have two functions to - call. The first one is a constructor for <type>opl3_t</type> + To create the OPL3 component, you have two functions to + call. The first one is a constructor for the <type>opl3_t</type> instance. <informalexample> @@ -4819,12 +4814,12 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> When the left and right ports have been already allocated by the card driver, pass non-zero to the fifth argument - (<parameter>integrated</parameter>). Otherwise, opl3 module will + (<parameter>integrated</parameter>). Otherwise, the opl3 module will allocate the specified ports by itself. </para> <para> - When the accessing to the hardware requires special method + When the accessing the hardware requires special method instead of the standard I/O access, you can create opl3 instance separately with <function>snd_opl3_new()</function>. @@ -4845,13 +4840,13 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { access function, the private data and the destructor. The l_port and r_port are not necessarily set. Only the command must be set properly. You can retrieve the data - from opl3->private_data field. + from the opl3->private_data field. </para> <para> After creating the opl3 instance via <function>snd_opl3_new()</function>, call <function>snd_opl3_init()</function> to initialize the chip to the - proper state. Note that <function>snd_opl3_create()</function> always + proper state. Note that <function>snd_opl3_create()</function> always calls it internally. </para> @@ -4884,7 +4879,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <section id="misc-devices-hardware-dependent"> <title>Hardware-Dependent Devices</title> <para> - Some chips need the access from the user-space for special + Some chips need user-space access for special controls or for loading the micro code. In such a case, you can create a hwdep (hardware-dependent) device. The hwdep API is defined in <filename><sound/hwdep.h></filename>. You can @@ -4893,7 +4888,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - Creation of the <type>hwdep</type> instance is done via + The creation of the <type>hwdep</type> instance is done via <function>snd_hwdep_new()</function>. <informalexample> @@ -4912,8 +4907,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { You can then pass any pointer value to the <parameter>private_data</parameter>. If you assign a private data, you should define the - destructor, too. The destructor function is set to - <structfield>private_free</structfield> field. + destructor, too. The destructor function is set in + the <structfield>private_free</structfield> field. <informalexample> <programlisting> @@ -4925,7 +4920,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </programlisting> </informalexample> - and the implementation of destructor would be: + and the implementation of the destructor would be: <informalexample> <programlisting> @@ -4943,7 +4938,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> The arbitrary file operations can be defined for this instance. The file operators are defined in - <parameter>ops</parameter> table. For example, assume that + the <parameter>ops</parameter> table. For example, assume that this chip needs an ioctl. <informalexample> @@ -4964,7 +4959,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <title>IEC958 (S/PDIF)</title> <para> Usually the controls for IEC958 devices are implemented via - control interface. There is a macro to compose a name string for + the control interface. There is a macro to compose a name string for IEC958 controls, <function>SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958()</function> defined in <filename><include/asound.h></filename>. </para> @@ -4973,7 +4968,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { There are some standard controls for IEC958 status bits. These controls use the type <type>SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_TYPE_IEC958</type>, and the size of element is fixed as 4 bytes array - (value.iec958.status[x]). For <structfield>info</structfield> + (value.iec958.status[x]). For the <structfield>info</structfield> callback, you don't specify the value field for this type (the count field must be set, though). @@ -5001,7 +4996,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { enable/disable or to set the raw bit mode. The implementation will depend on the chip, but the control should be named as <quote>IEC958 xxx</quote>, preferably using - <function>SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958()</function> macro. + the <function>SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958()</function> macro. </para> <para> @@ -5036,12 +5031,12 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { The allocation of pages with fallback is <function>snd_malloc_xxx_pages_fallback()</function>. This function tries to allocate the specified pages but if the pages - are not available, it tries to reduce the page sizes until the + are not available, it tries to reduce the page sizes until enough space is found. </para> <para> - For releasing the space, call + The release the pages, call <function>snd_free_xxx_pages()</function> function. </para> @@ -5050,8 +5045,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { a large contiguous physical space at the time the module is loaded for the later use. This is called <quote>pre-allocation</quote>. - As already written, you can call the following function at the - construction of pcm instance (in the case of PCI bus). + As already written, you can call the following function at + pcm instance construction time (in the case of PCI bus). <informalexample> <programlisting> @@ -5063,34 +5058,34 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </informalexample> where <parameter>size</parameter> is the byte size to be - pre-allocated and the <parameter>max</parameter> is the maximal - size to be changed via <filename>prealloc</filename> proc file. - The allocator will try to get as large area as possible + pre-allocated and the <parameter>max</parameter> is the maximum + size to be changed via the <filename>prealloc</filename> proc file. + The allocator will try to get an area as large as possible within the given size. </para> <para> The second argument (type) and the third argument (device pointer) are dependent on the bus. - In the case of ISA bus, pass <function>snd_dma_isa_data()</function> + In the case of the ISA bus, pass <function>snd_dma_isa_data()</function> as the third argument with <constant>SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV</constant> type. For the continuous buffer unrelated to the bus can be pre-allocated with <constant>SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_CONTINUOUS</constant> type and the <function>snd_dma_continuous_data(GFP_KERNEL)</function> device pointer, - whereh <constant>GFP_KERNEL</constant> is the kernel allocation flag to + where <constant>GFP_KERNEL</constant> is the kernel allocation flag to use. For the SBUS, <constant>SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_SBUS</constant> and <function>snd_dma_sbus_data(sbus_dev)</function> are used instead. For the PCI scatter-gather buffers, use <constant>SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV_SG</constant> with <function>snd_dma_pci_data(pci)</function> - (see the section + (see the <link linkend="buffer-and-memory-non-contiguous"><citetitle>Non-Contiguous Buffers - </citetitle></link>). + </citetitle></link> section). </para> <para> - Once when the buffer is pre-allocated, you can use the - allocator in the <structfield>hw_params</structfield> callback + Once the buffer is pre-allocated, you can use the + allocator in the <structfield>hw_params</structfield> callback: <informalexample> <programlisting> @@ -5116,8 +5111,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - The first case works fine if the external hardware buffer is enough - large. This method doesn't need any extra buffers and thus is + The first case works fine if the external hardware buffer is large + enough. This method doesn't need any extra buffers and thus is more effective. You need to define the <structfield>copy</structfield> and <structfield>silence</structfield> callbacks for @@ -5127,25 +5122,25 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - The second case allows the mmap of the buffer, although you have - to handle an interrupt or a tasklet for transferring the data + The second case allows for mmap on the buffer, although you have + to handle an interrupt or a tasklet to transfer the data from the intermediate buffer to the hardware buffer. You can find an - example in vxpocket driver. + example in the vxpocket driver. </para> <para> - Another case is that the chip uses a PCI memory-map + Another case is when the chip uses a PCI memory-map region for the buffer instead of the host memory. In this case, - mmap is available only on certain architectures like intel. In - non-mmap mode, the data cannot be transferred as the normal - way. Thus you need to define <structfield>copy</structfield> and - <structfield>silence</structfield> callbacks as well + mmap is available only on certain architectures like the Intel one. + In non-mmap mode, the data cannot be transferred as in the normal + way. Thus you need to define the <structfield>copy</structfield> and + <structfield>silence</structfield> callbacks as well, as in the cases above. The examples are found in <filename>rme32.c</filename> and <filename>rme96.c</filename>. </para> <para> - The implementation of <structfield>copy</structfield> and + The implementation of the <structfield>copy</structfield> and <structfield>silence</structfield> callbacks depends upon whether the hardware supports interleaved or non-interleaved samples. The <structfield>copy</structfield> callback is @@ -5184,8 +5179,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> What you have to do in this callback is again different - between playback and capture directions. In the case of - playback, you do: copy the given amount of data + between playback and capture directions. In the + playback case, you copy the given amount of data (<parameter>count</parameter>) at the specified pointer (<parameter>src</parameter>) to the specified offset (<parameter>pos</parameter>) on the hardware buffer. When @@ -5202,7 +5197,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - For the capture direction, you do: copy the given amount of + For the capture direction, you copy the given amount of data (<parameter>count</parameter>) at the specified offset (<parameter>pos</parameter>) on the hardware buffer to the specified pointer (<parameter>dst</parameter>). @@ -5216,7 +5211,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </programlisting> </informalexample> - Note that both of the position and the data amount are given + Note that both the position and the amount of data are given in frames. </para> @@ -5247,7 +5242,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - The meanings of arguments are identical with the + The meanings of arguments are the same as in the <structfield>copy</structfield> callback, although there is no <parameter>src/dst</parameter> argument. In the case of interleaved samples, the channel @@ -5284,8 +5279,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <section id="buffer-and-memory-non-contiguous"> <title>Non-Contiguous Buffers</title> <para> - If your hardware supports the page table like emu10k1 or the - buffer descriptors like via82xx, you can use the scatter-gather + If your hardware supports the page table as in emu10k1 or the + buffer descriptors as in via82xx, you can use the scatter-gather (SG) DMA. ALSA provides an interface for handling SG-buffers. The API is provided in <filename><sound/pcm.h></filename>. </para> @@ -5296,7 +5291,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <function>snd_pcm_lib_preallocate_pages_for_all()</function> with <constant>SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV_SG</constant> in the PCM constructor like other PCI pre-allocator. - You need to pass the <function>snd_dma_pci_data(pci)</function>, + You need to pass <function>snd_dma_pci_data(pci)</function>, where pci is the struct <structname>pci_dev</structname> pointer of the chip as well. The <type>struct snd_sg_buf</type> instance is created as @@ -5314,7 +5309,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> Then call <function>snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages()</function> - in <structfield>hw_params</structfield> callback + in the <structfield>hw_params</structfield> callback as well as in the case of normal PCI buffer. The SG-buffer handler will allocate the non-contiguous kernel pages of the given size and map them onto the virtually contiguous @@ -5335,7 +5330,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - For releasing the data, call + To release the data, call <function>snd_pcm_lib_free_pages()</function> in the <structfield>hw_free</structfield> callback as usual. </para> @@ -5390,7 +5385,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - For creating a proc file, call + To create a proc file, call <function>snd_card_proc_new()</function>. <informalexample> @@ -5402,7 +5397,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </programlisting> </informalexample> - where the second argument specifies the proc-file name to be + where the second argument specifies the name of the proc file to be created. The above example will create a file <filename>my-file</filename> under the card directory, e.g. <filename>/proc/asound/card0/my-file</filename>. @@ -5417,8 +5412,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> When the creation is successful, the function stores a new - instance at the pointer given in the third argument. - It is initialized as a text proc file for read only. For using + instance in the pointer given in the third argument. + It is initialized as a text proc file for read only. To use this proc file as a read-only text file as it is, set the read callback with a private data via <function>snd_info_set_text_ops()</function>. @@ -5470,9 +5465,9 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - The file permission can be changed afterwards. As default, it's - set as read only for all users. If you want to add the write - permission to the user (root as default), set like below: + The file permissions can be changed afterwards. As default, it's + set as read only for all users. If you want to add write + permission for the user (root as default), do as follows: <informalexample> <programlisting> @@ -5503,7 +5498,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - For a raw-data proc-file, set the attributes like the following: + For a raw-data proc-file, set the attributes as follows: <informalexample> <programlisting> @@ -5524,7 +5519,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> The callback is much more complicated than the text-file - version. You need to use a low-level i/o functions such as + version. You need to use a low-level I/O functions such as <function>copy_from/to_user()</function> to transfer the data. @@ -5560,28 +5555,28 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <title>Power Management</title> <para> If the chip is supposed to work with suspend/resume - functions, you need to add the power-management codes to the - driver. The additional codes for the power-management should be + functions, you need to add power-management code to the + driver. The additional code for power-management should be <function>ifdef</function>'ed with <constant>CONFIG_PM</constant>. </para> <para> - If the driver supports the suspend/resume - <emphasis>fully</emphasis>, that is, the device can be - properly resumed to the status at the suspend is called, - you can set <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME</constant> flag - to pcm info field. Usually, this is possible when the - registers of ths chip can be safely saved and restored to the - RAM. If this is set, the trigger callback is called with - <constant>SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_RESUME</constant> after resume - callback is finished. + If the driver <emphasis>fully</emphasis> supports suspend/resume + that is, the device can be + properly resumed to its state when suspend was called, + you can set the <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME</constant> flag + in the pcm info field. Usually, this is possible when the + registers of the chip can be safely saved and restored to + RAM. If this is set, the trigger callback is called with + <constant>SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_RESUME</constant> after the resume + callback completes. </para> <para> - Even if the driver doesn't support PM fully but only the - partial suspend/resume is possible, it's still worthy to - implement suspend/resume callbacks. In such a case, applications + Even if the driver doesn't support PM fully but + partial suspend/resume is still possible, it's still worthy to + implement suspend/resume callbacks. In such a case, applications would reset the status by calling <function>snd_pcm_prepare()</function> and restart the stream appropriately. Hence, you can define suspend/resume callbacks @@ -5590,22 +5585,22 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - Note that the trigger with SUSPEND can be always called when + Note that the trigger with SUSPEND can always be called when <function>snd_pcm_suspend_all</function> is called, - regardless of <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME</constant> flag. + regardless of the <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME</constant> flag. The <constant>RESUME</constant> flag affects only the behavior of <function>snd_pcm_resume()</function>. (Thus, in theory, <constant>SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_RESUME</constant> isn't needed to be handled in the trigger callback when no <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME</constant> flag is set. But, - it's better to keep it for compatibility reason.) + it's better to keep it for compatibility reasons.) </para> <para> In the earlier version of ALSA drivers, a common power-management layer was provided, but it has been removed. The driver needs to define the suspend/resume hooks according to - the bus the device is assigned. In the case of PCI driver, the + the bus the device is connected to. In the case of PCI drivers, the callbacks look like below: <informalexample> @@ -5629,7 +5624,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - The scheme of the real suspend job is as following. + The scheme of the real suspend job is as follows. <orderedlist> <listitem><para>Retrieve the card and the chip data.</para></listitem> @@ -5679,11 +5674,11 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - The scheme of the real resume job is as following. + The scheme of the real resume job is as follows. <orderedlist> <listitem><para>Retrieve the card and the chip data.</para></listitem> - <listitem><para>Set up PCI. First, call <function>pci_restore_state()</function>. + <listitem><para>Set up PCI. First, call <function>pci_restore_state()</function>. Then enable the pci device again by calling <function>pci_enable_device()</function>. Call <function>pci_set_master()</function> if necessary, too.</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Re-initialize the chip.</para></listitem> @@ -5734,7 +5729,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <function>snd_pcm_suspend_all()</function> or <function>snd_pcm_suspend()</function>. It means that the PCM streams are already stoppped when the register snapshot is - taken. But, remind that you don't have to restart the PCM + taken. But, remember that you don't have to restart the PCM stream in the resume callback. It'll be restarted via trigger call with <constant>SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_RESUME</constant> when necessary. @@ -5795,7 +5790,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - If you need a space for saving the registers, allocate the + If you need a space to save the registers, allocate the buffer for it here, too, since it would be fatal if you cannot allocate a memory in the suspend phase. The allocated buffer should be released in the corresponding @@ -5833,7 +5828,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <title>Module Parameters</title> <para> There are standard module options for ALSA. At least, each - module should have <parameter>index</parameter>, + module should have the <parameter>index</parameter>, <parameter>id</parameter> and <parameter>enable</parameter> options. </para> @@ -5841,8 +5836,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> If the module supports multiple cards (usually up to 8 = <constant>SNDRV_CARDS</constant> cards), they should be - arrays. The default initial values are defined already as - constants for ease of programming: + arrays. The default initial values are defined already as + constants for easier programming: <informalexample> <programlisting> @@ -5858,7 +5853,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <para> If the module supports only a single card, they could be single variables, instead. <parameter>enable</parameter> option is not - always necessary in this case, but it wouldn't be so bad to have a + always necessary in this case, but it would be better to have a dummy option for compatibility. </para> @@ -5923,22 +5918,22 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { </para> <para> - Suppose that you'll create a new PCI driver for the card + Suppose that you create a new PCI driver for the card <quote>xyz</quote>. The card module name would be - snd-xyz. The new driver is usually put into alsa-driver + snd-xyz. The new driver is usually put into the alsa-driver tree, <filename>alsa-driver/pci</filename> directory in the case of PCI cards. Then the driver is evaluated, audited and tested by developers and users. After a certain time, the driver - will go to alsa-kernel tree (to the corresponding directory, + will go to the alsa-kernel tree (to the corresponding directory, such as <filename>alsa-kernel/pci</filename>) and eventually - integrated into Linux 2.6 tree (the directory would be + will be integrated into the Linux 2.6 tree (the directory would be <filename>linux/sound/pci</filename>). </para> <para> In the following sections, the driver code is supposed - to be put into alsa-driver tree. The two cases are assumed: + to be put into alsa-driver tree. The two cases are covered: a driver consisting of a single source file and one consisting of several source files. </para> @@ -6033,7 +6028,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <listitem> <para> Add a new directory (<filename>xyz</filename>) in - <filename>alsa-driver/pci/Makefile</filename> like below + <filename>alsa-driver/pci/Makefile</filename> as below <informalexample> <programlisting> @@ -6102,7 +6097,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <section id="useful-functions-snd-printk"> <title><function>snd_printk()</function> and friends</title> <para> - ALSA provides a verbose version of + ALSA provides a verbose version of the <function>printk()</function> function. If a kernel config <constant>CONFIG_SND_VERBOSE_PRINTK</constant> is set, this function prints the given message together with the file name @@ -6170,7 +6165,7 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { <section id="useful-functions-snd-bug"> <title><function>snd_BUG()</function></title> <para> - It shows <computeroutput>BUG?</computeroutput> message and + It shows the <computeroutput>BUG?</computeroutput> message and stack trace as well as <function>snd_assert</function> at the point. It's useful to show that a fatal error happens there. </para> @@ -6199,6 +6194,4 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime { in the hardware constraints section. </para> </chapter> - - </book> diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/DAI.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/DAI.txt index 3feeb9ecdec..0ebd7ea9706 100644 --- a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/DAI.txt +++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/DAI.txt @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ ASoC currently supports the three main Digital Audio Interfaces (DAI) found on -SoC controllers and portable audio CODECS today, namely AC97, I2S and PCM. +SoC controllers and portable audio CODECs today, namely AC97, I2S and PCM. AC97 @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ left/right clock (LRC) synchronise the link. I2S is flexible in that either the controller or CODEC can drive (master) the BCLK and LRC clock lines. Bit clock usually varies depending on the sample rate and the master system clock (SYSCLK). LRCLK is the same as the sample rate. A few devices support separate -ADC and DAC LRCLK's, this allows for simultaneous capture and playback at +ADC and DAC LRCLKs, this allows for simultaneous capture and playback at different sample rates. I2S has several different operating modes:- @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ I2S has several different operating modes:- o Left Justified - MSB is transmitted on transition of LRC. - o Right Justified - MSB is transmitted sample size BCLK's before LRC + o Right Justified - MSB is transmitted sample size BCLKs before LRC transition. PCM diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/clocking.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/clocking.txt index 14930887c25..b1300162e01 100644 --- a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/clocking.txt +++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/clocking.txt @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ or SYSCLK). This audio master clock can be derived from a number of sources (e.g. crystal, PLL, CPU clock) and is responsible for producing the correct audio playback and capture sample rates. -Some master clocks (e.g. PLL's and CPU based clocks) are configurable in that +Some master clocks (e.g. PLLs and CPU based clocks) are configurable in that their speed can be altered by software (depending on the system use and to save power). Other master clocks are fixed at a set frequency (i.e. crystals). @@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ BCLK = LRC * x BCLK = LRC * Channels * Word Size This relationship depends on the codec or SoC CPU in particular. In general -it's best to configure BCLK to the lowest possible speed (depending on your -rate, number of channels and wordsize) to save on power. +it is best to configure BCLK to the lowest possible speed (depending on your +rate, number of channels and word size) to save on power. -It's also desirable to use the codec (if possible) to drive (or master) the -audio clocks as it's usually gives more accurate sample rates than the CPU. +It is also desirable to use the codec (if possible) to drive (or master) the +audio clocks as it usually gives more accurate sample rates than the CPU. diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/codec.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/codec.txt index 1e766ad0ebd..1e95342ed72 100644 --- a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/codec.txt +++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/codec.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ code should be added to the platform and machine drivers respectively. Each codec driver *must* provide the following features:- 1) Codec DAI and PCM configuration - 2) Codec control IO - using I2C, 3 Wire(SPI) or both API's + 2) Codec control IO - using I2C, 3 Wire(SPI) or both APIs 3) Mixers and audio controls 4) Codec audio operations @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Optionally, codec drivers can also provide:- 6) DAPM event handler. 7) DAC Digital mute control. -It's probably best to use this guide in conjunction with the existing codec +Its probably best to use this guide in conjunction with the existing codec driver code in sound/soc/codecs/ ASoC Codec driver breakdown @@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ ASoC Codec driver breakdown 1 - Codec DAI and PCM configuration ----------------------------------- -Each codec driver must have a struct snd_soc_codec_dai to define it's DAI and -PCM's capabilities and operations. This struct is exported so that it can be +Each codec driver must have a struct snd_soc_codec_dai to define its DAI and +PCM capabilities and operations. This struct is exported so that it can be registered with the core by your machine driver. e.g. @@ -67,18 +67,18 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(wm8731_dai); 2 - Codec control IO -------------------- -The codec can usually be controlled via an I2C or SPI style interface (AC97 -combines control with data in the DAI). The codec drivers will have to provide -functions to read and write the codec registers along with supplying a register -cache:- +The codec can usually be controlled via an I2C or SPI style interface +(AC97 combines control with data in the DAI). The codec drivers provide +functions to read and write the codec registers along with supplying a +register cache:- /* IO control data and register cache */ - void *control_data; /* codec control (i2c/3wire) data */ - void *reg_cache; + void *control_data; /* codec control (i2c/3wire) data */ + void *reg_cache; -Codec read/write should do any data formatting and call the hardware read write -below to perform the IO. These functions are called by the core and alsa when -performing DAPM or changing the mixer:- +Codec read/write should do any data formatting and call the hardware +read write below to perform the IO. These functions are called by the +core and ALSA when performing DAPM or changing the mixer:- unsigned int (*read)(struct snd_soc_codec *, unsigned int); int (*write)(struct snd_soc_codec *, unsigned int, unsigned int); @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ Defines a stereo enumerated control 4 - Codec Audio Operations -------------------------- -The codec driver also supports the following alsa operations:- +The codec driver also supports the following ALSA operations:- /* SoC audio ops */ struct snd_soc_ops { @@ -142,15 +142,15 @@ struct snd_soc_ops { int (*prepare)(struct snd_pcm_substream *); }; -Please refer to the alsa driver PCM documentation for details. +Please refer to the ALSA driver PCM documentation for details. http://www.alsa-project.org/~iwai/writing-an-alsa-driver/c436.htm 5 - DAPM description. --------------------- -The Dynamic Audio Power Management description describes the codec's power -components, their relationships and registers to the ASoC core. Please read -dapm.txt for details of building the description. +The Dynamic Audio Power Management description describes the codec power +components and their relationships and registers to the ASoC core. +Please read dapm.txt for details of building the description. Please also see the examples in other codec drivers. @@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ Please also see the examples in other codec drivers. 6 - DAPM event handler ---------------------- This function is a callback that handles codec domain PM calls and system -domain PM calls (e.g. suspend and resume). It's used to put the codec to sleep -when not in use. +domain PM calls (e.g. suspend and resume). It is used to put the codec +to sleep when not in use. Power states:- @@ -175,13 +175,14 @@ Power states:- SNDRV_CTL_POWER_D3cold: /* Everything Off, without power */ -7 - Codec DAC digital mute control. ------------------------------------- -Most codecs have a digital mute before the DAC's that can be used to minimise -any system noise. The mute stops any digital data from entering the DAC. +7 - Codec DAC digital mute control +---------------------------------- +Most codecs have a digital mute before the DACs that can be used to +minimise any system noise. The mute stops any digital data from +entering the DAC. -A callback can be created that is called by the core for each codec DAI when the -mute is applied or freed. +A callback can be created that is called by the core for each codec DAI +when the mute is applied or freed. i.e. diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/dapm.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/dapm.txt index ab0766fd786..c784a18b94d 100644 --- a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/dapm.txt +++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/dapm.txt @@ -4,20 +4,20 @@ Dynamic Audio Power Management for Portable Devices 1. Description ============== -Dynamic Audio Power Management (DAPM) is designed to allow portable Linux devices -to use the minimum amount of power within the audio subsystem at all times. It -is independent of other kernel PM and as such, can easily co-exist with the -other PM systems. +Dynamic Audio Power Management (DAPM) is designed to allow portable +Linux devices to use the minimum amount of power within the audio +subsystem at all times. It is independent of other kernel PM and as +such, can easily co-exist with the other PM systems. -DAPM is also completely transparent to all user space applications as all power -switching is done within the ASoC core. No code changes or recompiling are -required for user space applications. DAPM makes power switching decisions based -upon any audio stream (capture/playback) activity and audio mixer settings -within the device. +DAPM is also completely transparent to all user space applications as +all power switching is done within the ASoC core. No code changes or +recompiling are required for user space applications. DAPM makes power +switching decisions based upon any audio stream (capture/playback) +activity and audio mixer settings within the device. -DAPM spans the whole machine. It covers power control within the entire audio -subsystem, this includes internal codec power blocks and machine level power -systems. +DAPM spans the whole machine. It covers power control within the entire +audio subsystem, this includes internal codec power blocks and machine +level power systems. There are 4 power domains within DAPM @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ There are 4 power domains within DAPM Automatically set when mixer and mux settings are changed by the user. e.g. alsamixer, amixer. - 4. Stream domain - DAC's and ADC's. + 4. Stream domain - DACs and ADCs. Enabled and disabled when stream playback/capture is started and stopped respectively. e.g. aplay, arecord. @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ widgets hereafter. Audio DAPM widgets fall into a number of types:- o Mixer - Mixes several analog signals into a single analog signal. - o Mux - An analog switch that outputs only 1 of it's inputs. + o Mux - An analog switch that outputs only one of many inputs. o PGA - A programmable gain amplifier or attenuation widget. o ADC - Analog to Digital Converter o DAC - Digital to Analog Converter @@ -78,14 +78,14 @@ parameters for stream name and kcontrols. 2.1 Stream Domain Widgets ------------------------- -Stream Widgets relate to the stream power domain and only consist of ADC's -(analog to digital converters) and DAC's (digital to analog converters). +Stream Widgets relate to the stream power domain and only consist of ADCs +(analog to digital converters) and DACs (digital to analog converters). Stream widgets have the following format:- SND_SOC_DAPM_DAC(name, stream name, reg, shift, invert), -NOTE: the stream name must match the corresponding stream name in your codecs +NOTE: the stream name must match the corresponding stream name in your codec snd_soc_codec_dai. e.g. stream widgets for HiFi playback and capture @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ SND_SOC_DAPM_ADC("HiFi ADC", "HiFi Capture", REG, 2, 1), 2.2 Path Domain Widgets ----------------------- -Path domain widgets have a ability to control or effect the audio signal or +Path domain widgets have a ability to control or affect the audio signal or audio paths within the audio subsystem. They have the following form:- SND_SOC_DAPM_PGA(name, reg, shift, invert, controls, num_controls) @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ SND_SOC_DAPM_MIC("Mic Jack", spitz_mic_bias), 2.4 Codec Domain ---------------- -The Codec power domain has no widgets and is handled by the codecs DAPM event +The codec power domain has no widgets and is handled by the codecs DAPM event handler. This handler is called when the codec powerstate is changed wrt to any stream event or by kernel PM events. @@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ stream event or by kernel PM events. ------------------- Sometimes widgets exist in the codec or machine audio map that don't have any -corresponding register bit for power control. In this case it's necessary to -create a virtual widget - a widget with no control bits e.g. +corresponding soft power control. In this case it is necessary to create +a virtual widget - a widget with no control bits e.g. SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER("AC97 Mixer", SND_SOC_DAPM_NOPM, 0, 0, NULL, 0), @@ -172,13 +172,14 @@ subsystem individually with a call to snd_soc_dapm_new_control(). 3. Codec Widget Interconnections ================================ -Widgets are connected to each other within the codec and machine by audio -paths (called interconnections). Each interconnection must be defined in order -to create a map of all audio paths between widgets. +Widgets are connected to each other within the codec and machine by audio paths +(called interconnections). Each interconnection must be defined in order to +create a map of all audio paths between widgets. + This is easiest with a diagram of the codec (and schematic of the machine audio system), as it requires joining widgets together via their audio signal paths. -i.e. from the WM8731 codec's output mixer (wm8731.c) +e.g., from the WM8731 output mixer (wm8731.c) The WM8731 output mixer has 3 inputs (sources) diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/machine.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/machine.txt index 72bd222f2a2..f370e7db86a 100644 --- a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/machine.txt +++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/machine.txt @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ struct snd_soc_machine { int (*remove)(struct platform_device *pdev); /* the pre and post PM functions are used to do any PM work before and - * after the codec and DAI's do any PM work. */ + * after the codec and DAIs do any PM work. */ int (*suspend_pre)(struct platform_device *pdev, pm_message_t state); int (*suspend_post)(struct platform_device *pdev, pm_message_t state); int (*resume_pre)(struct platform_device *pdev); @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ probe/remove are optional. Do any machine specific probe here. suspend()/resume() ------------------ The machine driver has pre and post versions of suspend and resume to take care -of any machine audio tasks that have to be done before or after the codec, DAI's +of any machine audio tasks that have to be done before or after the codec, DAIs and DMA is suspended and resumed. Optional. @@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ The machine specific audio operations can be set here. Again this is optional. Machine DAI Configuration ------------------------- -The machine DAI configuration glues all the codec and CPU DAI's together. It can +The machine DAI configuration glues all the codec and CPU DAIs together. It can also be used to set up the DAI system clock and for any machine related DAI initialisation e.g. the machine audio map can be connected to the codec audio -map, unconnnected codec pins can be set as such. Please see corgi.c, spitz.c +map, unconnected codec pins can be set as such. Please see corgi.c, spitz.c for examples. struct snd_soc_dai_link is used to set up each DAI in your machine. e.g. @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ static struct snd_soc_dai_link corgi_dai = { .ops = &corgi_ops, }; -struct snd_soc_machine then sets up the machine with it's DAI's. e.g. +struct snd_soc_machine then sets up the machine with it's DAIs. e.g. /* corgi audio machine driver */ static struct snd_soc_machine snd_soc_machine_corgi = { @@ -110,4 +110,4 @@ details. Machine Controls ---------------- -Machine specific audio mixer controls can be added in the dai init function.
\ No newline at end of file +Machine specific audio mixer controls can be added in the DAI init function. diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/overview.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/overview.txt index c47ce953067..1e4c6d3655f 100644 --- a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/overview.txt +++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/overview.txt @@ -1,25 +1,26 @@ ALSA SoC Layer ============== -The overall project goal of the ALSA System on Chip (ASoC) layer is to provide -better ALSA support for embedded system-on-chip processors (e.g. pxa2xx, au1x00, -iMX, etc) and portable audio codecs. Currently there is some support in the -kernel for SoC audio, however it has some limitations:- +The overall project goal of the ALSA System on Chip (ASoC) layer is to +provide better ALSA support for embedded system-on-chip processors (e.g. +pxa2xx, au1x00, iMX, etc) and portable audio codecs. Prior to the ASoC +subsystem there was some support in the kernel for SoC audio, however it +had some limitations:- - * Currently, codec drivers are often tightly coupled to the underlying SoC - CPU. This is not ideal and leads to code duplication i.e. Linux now has 4 - different wm8731 drivers for 4 different SoC platforms. + * Codec drivers were often tightly coupled to the underlying SoC + CPU. This is not ideal and leads to code duplication - for example, + Linux had different wm8731 drivers for 4 different SoC platforms. - * There is no standard method to signal user initiated audio events (e.g. + * There was no standard method to signal user initiated audio events (e.g. Headphone/Mic insertion, Headphone/Mic detection after an insertion event). These are quite common events on portable devices and often require machine specific code to re-route audio, enable amps, etc., after such an event. - * Current drivers tend to power up the entire codec when playing - (or recording) audio. This is fine for a PC, but tends to waste a lot of - power on portable devices. There is also no support for saving power via - changing codec oversampling rates, bias currents, etc. + * Drivers tended to power up the entire codec when playing (or + recording) audio. This is fine for a PC, but tends to waste a lot of + power on portable devices. There was also no support for saving + power via changing codec oversampling rates, bias currents, etc. ASoC Design @@ -31,12 +32,13 @@ features :- * Codec independence. Allows reuse of codec drivers on other platforms and machines. - * Easy I2S/PCM audio interface setup between codec and SoC. Each SoC interface - and codec registers it's audio interface capabilities with the core and are - subsequently matched and configured when the application hw params are known. + * Easy I2S/PCM audio interface setup between codec and SoC. Each SoC + interface and codec registers it's audio interface capabilities with the + core and are subsequently matched and configured when the application + hardware parameters are known. * Dynamic Audio Power Management (DAPM). DAPM automatically sets the codec to - it's minimum power state at all times. This includes powering up/down + its minimum power state at all times. This includes powering up/down internal power blocks depending on the internal codec audio routing and any active streams. @@ -45,16 +47,16 @@ features :- signals the codec when to change power states. * Machine specific controls: Allow machines to add controls to the sound card - (e.g. volume control for speaker amp). + (e.g. volume control for speaker amplifier). To achieve all this, ASoC basically splits an embedded audio system into 3 components :- * Codec driver: The codec driver is platform independent and contains audio - controls, audio interface capabilities, codec dapm definition and codec IO + controls, audio interface capabilities, codec DAPM definition and codec IO functions. - * Platform driver: The platform driver contains the audio dma engine and audio + * Platform driver: The platform driver contains the audio DMA engine and audio interface drivers (e.g. I2S, AC97, PCM) for that platform. * Machine driver: The machine driver handles any machine specific controls and @@ -81,4 +83,4 @@ machine.txt: Machine driver internals. pop_clicks.txt: How to minimise audio artifacts. -clocking.txt: ASoC clocking for best power performance.
\ No newline at end of file +clocking.txt: ASoC clocking for best power performance. diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/platform.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/platform.txt index d4678b4dc6c..b681d17fc38 100644 --- a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/platform.txt +++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/platform.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ specific code. Audio DMA ========= -The platform DMA driver optionally supports the following alsa operations:- +The platform DMA driver optionally supports the following ALSA operations:- /* SoC audio ops */ struct snd_soc_ops { @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ struct snd_soc_platform { struct snd_pcm_ops *pcm_ops; }; -Please refer to the alsa driver documentation for details of audio DMA. +Please refer to the ALSA driver documentation for details of audio DMA. http://www.alsa-project.org/~iwai/writing-an-alsa-driver/c436.htm An example DMA driver is soc/pxa/pxa2xx-pcm.c @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Each SoC DAI driver must provide the following features:- 1) Digital audio interface (DAI) description 2) Digital audio interface configuration 3) PCM's description - 4) Sysclk configuration + 4) SYSCLK configuration 5) Suspend and resume (optional) Please see codec.txt for a description of items 1 - 4. diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/pops_clicks.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/pops_clicks.txt index 3371bd9d7cf..e1e74daa449 100644 --- a/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/pops_clicks.txt +++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/soc/pops_clicks.txt @@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ click every time a component power state is changed. Minimising Playback Pops and Clicks =================================== -Playback pops in portable audio subsystems cannot be completely eliminated atm, -however future audio codec hardware will have better pop and click suppression. -Pops can be reduced within playback by powering the audio components in a -specific order. This order is different for startup and shutdown and follows -some basic rules:- +Playback pops in portable audio subsystems cannot be completely eliminated +currently, however future audio codec hardware will have better pop and click +suppression. Pops can be reduced within playback by powering the audio +components in a specific order. This order is different for startup and +shutdown and follows some basic rules:- Startup Order :- DAC --> Mixers --> Output PGA --> Digital Unmute |