diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
23 files changed, 1942 insertions, 309 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/00-INDEX b/Documentation/00-INDEX index 8b056363344..43e89b1537d 100644 --- a/Documentation/00-INDEX +++ b/Documentation/00-INDEX @@ -134,8 +134,6 @@ dvb/ - info on Linux Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) subsystem. early-userspace/ - info about initramfs, klibc, and userspace early during boot. -ecryptfs.txt - - docs on eCryptfs: stacked cryptographic filesystem for Linux. eisa.txt - info on EISA bus support. exception.txt diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/deviceiobook.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/deviceiobook.tmpl index 90ed23df1f6..c917de681cc 100644 --- a/Documentation/DocBook/deviceiobook.tmpl +++ b/Documentation/DocBook/deviceiobook.tmpl @@ -316,7 +316,8 @@ CPU B: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags) <chapter id="pubfunctions"> <title>Public Functions Provided</title> -!Einclude/asm-i386/io.h +!Iinclude/asm-i386/io.h +!Elib/iomap.c </chapter> </book> diff --git a/Documentation/HOWTO b/Documentation/HOWTO index f8cc3f8ed15..c64e969dc33 100644 --- a/Documentation/HOWTO +++ b/Documentation/HOWTO @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ tools. One such tool that is particularly recommended is the Linux Cross-Reference project, which is able to present source code in a self-referential, indexed webpage format. An excellent up-to-date repository of the kernel code may be found at: - http://sosdg.org/~coywolf/lxr/ + http://users.sosdg.org/~qiyong/lxr/ The development process @@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ One of the best ways to put into practice your hacking skills is by fixing bugs reported by other people. Not only you will help to make the kernel more stable, you'll learn to fix real world problems and you will improve your skills, and other developers will be aware of your presence. Fixing -bugs is one of the best ways to earn merit amongst the developers, because +bugs is one of the best ways to get merits among other developers, because not many people like wasting time fixing other people's bugs. To work in the already reported bug reports, go to http://bugzilla.kernel.org. diff --git a/Documentation/ManagementStyle b/Documentation/ManagementStyle index cbbebfb51ff..49a8efa5afe 100644 --- a/Documentation/ManagementStyle +++ b/Documentation/ManagementStyle @@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ To solve this problem, you really only have two options: The option of being unfailingly polite really doesn't exist. Nobody will trust somebody who is so clearly hiding his true character. -(*) Paul Simon sang "Fifty Ways to Lose Your Lover", because quite +(*) Paul Simon sang "Fifty Ways to Leave Your Lover", because quite frankly, "A Million Ways to Tell a Developer He Is a D*ckhead" doesn't scan nearly as well. But I'm sure he thought about it. diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches index d6b45a9b29b..a30dd4480ad 100644 --- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches @@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ the reviewers time and will get your patch rejected, probably without even being read. At a minimum you should check your patches with the patch style -checker prior to submission (scripts/patchcheck.pl). You should +checker prior to submission (scripts/checkpatch.pl). You should be able to justify all violations that remain in your patch. @@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ NO!!!! No more huge patch bombs to linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org people! <http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=112112749912944&w=2> Kernel Documentation/CodingStyle: - <http://sosdg.org/~coywolf/lxr/source/Documentation/CodingStyle> + <http://users.sosdg.org/~qiyong/lxr/source/Documentation/CodingStyle> Linus Torvalds's mail on the canonical patch format: <http://lkml.org/lkml/2005/4/7/183> diff --git a/Documentation/crypto/async-tx-api.txt b/Documentation/crypto/async-tx-api.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c1e9545c59b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/crypto/async-tx-api.txt @@ -0,0 +1,219 @@ + Asynchronous Transfers/Transforms API + +1 INTRODUCTION + +2 GENEALOGY + +3 USAGE +3.1 General format of the API +3.2 Supported operations +3.3 Descriptor management +3.4 When does the operation execute? +3.5 When does the operation complete? +3.6 Constraints +3.7 Example + +4 DRIVER DEVELOPER NOTES +4.1 Conformance points +4.2 "My application needs finer control of hardware channels" + +5 SOURCE + +--- + +1 INTRODUCTION + +The async_tx API provides methods for describing a chain of asynchronous +bulk memory transfers/transforms with support for inter-transactional +dependencies. It is implemented as a dmaengine client that smooths over +the details of different hardware offload engine implementations. Code +that is written to the API can optimize for asynchronous operation and +the API will fit the chain of operations to the available offload +resources. + +2 GENEALOGY + +The API was initially designed to offload the memory copy and +xor-parity-calculations of the md-raid5 driver using the offload engines +present in the Intel(R) Xscale series of I/O processors. It also built +on the 'dmaengine' layer developed for offloading memory copies in the +network stack using Intel(R) I/OAT engines. The following design +features surfaced as a result: +1/ implicit synchronous path: users of the API do not need to know if + the platform they are running on has offload capabilities. The + operation will be offloaded when an engine is available and carried out + in software otherwise. +2/ cross channel dependency chains: the API allows a chain of dependent + operations to be submitted, like xor->copy->xor in the raid5 case. The + API automatically handles cases where the transition from one operation + to another implies a hardware channel switch. +3/ dmaengine extensions to support multiple clients and operation types + beyond 'memcpy' + +3 USAGE + +3.1 General format of the API: +struct dma_async_tx_descriptor * +async_<operation>(<op specific parameters>, + enum async_tx_flags flags, + struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *dependency, + dma_async_tx_callback callback_routine, + void *callback_parameter); + +3.2 Supported operations: +memcpy - memory copy between a source and a destination buffer +memset - fill a destination buffer with a byte value +xor - xor a series of source buffers and write the result to a + destination buffer +xor_zero_sum - xor a series of source buffers and set a flag if the + result is zero. The implementation attempts to prevent + writes to memory + +3.3 Descriptor management: +The return value is non-NULL and points to a 'descriptor' when the operation +has been queued to execute asynchronously. Descriptors are recycled +resources, under control of the offload engine driver, to be reused as +operations complete. When an application needs to submit a chain of +operations it must guarantee that the descriptor is not automatically recycled +before the dependency is submitted. This requires that all descriptors be +acknowledged by the application before the offload engine driver is allowed to +recycle (or free) the descriptor. A descriptor can be acked by one of the +following methods: +1/ setting the ASYNC_TX_ACK flag if no child operations are to be submitted +2/ setting the ASYNC_TX_DEP_ACK flag to acknowledge the parent + descriptor of a new operation. +3/ calling async_tx_ack() on the descriptor. + +3.4 When does the operation execute? +Operations do not immediately issue after return from the +async_<operation> call. Offload engine drivers batch operations to +improve performance by reducing the number of mmio cycles needed to +manage the channel. Once a driver-specific threshold is met the driver +automatically issues pending operations. An application can force this +event by calling async_tx_issue_pending_all(). This operates on all +channels since the application has no knowledge of channel to operation +mapping. + +3.5 When does the operation complete? +There are two methods for an application to learn about the completion +of an operation. +1/ Call dma_wait_for_async_tx(). This call causes the CPU to spin while + it polls for the completion of the operation. It handles dependency + chains and issuing pending operations. +2/ Specify a completion callback. The callback routine runs in tasklet + context if the offload engine driver supports interrupts, or it is + called in application context if the operation is carried out + synchronously in software. The callback can be set in the call to + async_<operation>, or when the application needs to submit a chain of + unknown length it can use the async_trigger_callback() routine to set a + completion interrupt/callback at the end of the chain. + +3.6 Constraints: +1/ Calls to async_<operation> are not permitted in IRQ context. Other + contexts are permitted provided constraint #2 is not violated. +2/ Completion callback routines cannot submit new operations. This + results in recursion in the synchronous case and spin_locks being + acquired twice in the asynchronous case. + +3.7 Example: +Perform a xor->copy->xor operation where each operation depends on the +result from the previous operation: + +void complete_xor_copy_xor(void *param) +{ + printk("complete\n"); +} + +int run_xor_copy_xor(struct page **xor_srcs, + int xor_src_cnt, + struct page *xor_dest, + size_t xor_len, + struct page *copy_src, + struct page *copy_dest, + size_t copy_len) +{ + struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *tx; + + tx = async_xor(xor_dest, xor_srcs, 0, xor_src_cnt, xor_len, + ASYNC_TX_XOR_DROP_DST, NULL, NULL, NULL); + tx = async_memcpy(copy_dest, copy_src, 0, 0, copy_len, + ASYNC_TX_DEP_ACK, tx, NULL, NULL); + tx = async_xor(xor_dest, xor_srcs, 0, xor_src_cnt, xor_len, + ASYNC_TX_XOR_DROP_DST | ASYNC_TX_DEP_ACK | ASYNC_TX_ACK, + tx, complete_xor_copy_xor, NULL); + + async_tx_issue_pending_all(); +} + +See include/linux/async_tx.h for more information on the flags. See the +ops_run_* and ops_complete_* routines in drivers/md/raid5.c for more +implementation examples. + +4 DRIVER DEVELOPMENT NOTES +4.1 Conformance points: +There are a few conformance points required in dmaengine drivers to +accommodate assumptions made by applications using the async_tx API: +1/ Completion callbacks are expected to happen in tasklet context +2/ dma_async_tx_descriptor fields are never manipulated in IRQ context +3/ Use async_tx_run_dependencies() in the descriptor clean up path to + handle submission of dependent operations + +4.2 "My application needs finer control of hardware channels" +This requirement seems to arise from cases where a DMA engine driver is +trying to support device-to-memory DMA. The dmaengine and async_tx +implementations were designed for offloading memory-to-memory +operations; however, there are some capabilities of the dmaengine layer +that can be used for platform-specific channel management. +Platform-specific constraints can be handled by registering the +application as a 'dma_client' and implementing a 'dma_event_callback' to +apply a filter to the available channels in the system. Before showing +how to implement a custom dma_event callback some background of +dmaengine's client support is required. + +The following routines in dmaengine support multiple clients requesting +use of a channel: +- dma_async_client_register(struct dma_client *client) +- dma_async_client_chan_request(struct dma_client *client) + +dma_async_client_register takes a pointer to an initialized dma_client +structure. It expects that the 'event_callback' and 'cap_mask' fields +are already initialized. + +dma_async_client_chan_request triggers dmaengine to notify the client of +all channels that satisfy the capability mask. It is up to the client's +event_callback routine to track how many channels the client needs and +how many it is currently using. The dma_event_callback routine returns a +dma_state_client code to let dmaengine know the status of the +allocation. + +Below is the example of how to extend this functionality for +platform-specific filtering of the available channels beyond the +standard capability mask: + +static enum dma_state_client +my_dma_client_callback(struct dma_client *client, + struct dma_chan *chan, enum dma_state state) +{ + struct dma_device *dma_dev; + struct my_platform_specific_dma *plat_dma_dev; + + dma_dev = chan->device; + plat_dma_dev = container_of(dma_dev, + struct my_platform_specific_dma, + dma_dev); + + if (!plat_dma_dev->platform_specific_capability) + return DMA_DUP; + + . . . +} + +5 SOURCE +include/linux/dmaengine.h: core header file for DMA drivers and clients +drivers/dma/dmaengine.c: offload engine channel management routines +drivers/dma/: location for offload engine drivers +include/linux/async_tx.h: core header file for the async_tx api +crypto/async_tx/async_tx.c: async_tx interface to dmaengine and common code +crypto/async_tx/async_memcpy.c: copy offload +crypto/async_tx/async_memset.c: memory fill offload +crypto/async_tx/async_xor.c: xor and xor zero sum offload diff --git a/Documentation/devices.txt b/Documentation/devices.txt index 8de132a02ba..6c46730c631 100644 --- a/Documentation/devices.txt +++ b/Documentation/devices.txt @@ -94,6 +94,8 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated. 9 = /dev/urandom Faster, less secure random number gen. 10 = /dev/aio Asynchronous I/O notification interface 11 = /dev/kmsg Writes to this come out as printk's + 12 = /dev/oldmem Used by crashdump kernels to access + the memory of the kernel that crashed. 1 block RAM disk 0 = /dev/ram0 First RAM disk diff --git a/Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt b/Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt index a43d2878a4e..00928d2ecfb 100644 --- a/Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt +++ b/Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt @@ -197,6 +197,14 @@ Who: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com> --------------------------- +What: /proc/acpi/event +When: February 2008 +Why: /proc/acpi/event has been replaced by events via the input layer + and netlink since 2.6.23. +Who: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com> + +--------------------------- + What: Compaq touchscreen device emulation When: Oct 2007 Files: drivers/input/tsdev.c @@ -290,3 +298,11 @@ Why: All mthca hardware also supports MSI-X, which provides Who: Roland Dreier <rolandd@cisco.com> --------------------------- + +What: sk98lin network driver +When: Feburary 2008 +Why: In kernel tree version of driver is unmaintained. Sk98lin driver + replaced by the skge driver. +Who: Stephen Hemminger <shemminger@linux-foundation.org> + +--------------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX b/Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX index 571785887a4..59db1bca702 100644 --- a/Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX @@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ directory-locking - info about the locking scheme used for directory operations. dlmfs.txt - info on the userspace interface to the OCFS2 DLM. +ecryptfs.txt + - docs on eCryptfs: stacked cryptographic filesystem for Linux. ext2.txt - info, mount options and specifications for the Ext2 filesystem. ext3.txt diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/9p.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/9p.txt index bbd8b28c13d..cda6905cbe4 100644 --- a/Documentation/filesystems/9p.txt +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/9p.txt @@ -6,12 +6,26 @@ ABOUT v9fs is a Unix implementation of the Plan 9 9p remote filesystem protocol. -This software was originally developed by Ron Minnich <rminnich@lanl.gov> -and Maya Gokhale <maya@lanl.gov>. Additional development by Greg Watson +This software was originally developed by Ron Minnich <rminnich@sandia.gov> +and Maya Gokhale. Additional development by Greg Watson <gwatson@lanl.gov> and most recently Eric Van Hensbergen <ericvh@gmail.com>, Latchesar Ionkov <lucho@ionkov.net> and Russ Cox <rsc@swtch.com>. +The best detailed explanation of the Linux implementation and applications of +the 9p client is available in the form of a USENIX paper: + http://www.usenix.org/events/usenix05/tech/freenix/hensbergen.html + +Other applications are described in the following papers: + * XCPU & Clustering + http://www.xcpu.org/xcpu-talk.pdf + * KVMFS: control file system for KVM + http://www.xcpu.org/kvmfs.pdf + * CellFS: A New ProgrammingModel for the Cell BE + http://www.xcpu.org/cellfs-talk.pdf + * PROSE I/O: Using 9p to enable Application Partitions + http://plan9.escet.urjc.es/iwp9/cready/PROSE_iwp9_2006.pdf + USAGE ===== @@ -90,9 +104,9 @@ subset of the namespace by extending the path: '#U*'/tmp would just export and export. A Linux version of the 9p server is now maintained under the npfs project -on sourceforge (http://sourceforge.net/projects/npfs). There is also a -more stable single-threaded version of the server (named spfs) available from -the same CVS repository. +on sourceforge (http://sourceforge.net/projects/npfs). The currently +maintained version is the single-threaded version of the server (named spfs) +available from the same CVS repository. There are user and developer mailing lists available through the v9fs project on sourceforge (http://sourceforge.net/projects/v9fs). diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/ocfs2.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/ocfs2.txt index 8ccf0c1b58e..ed55238023a 100644 --- a/Documentation/filesystems/ocfs2.txt +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/ocfs2.txt @@ -28,11 +28,7 @@ Manish Singh <manish.singh@oracle.com> Caveats ======= Features which OCFS2 does not support yet: - - sparse files - extended attributes - - shared writable mmap - - loopback is supported, but data written will not - be cluster coherent. - quotas - cluster aware flock - cluster aware lockf @@ -57,3 +53,12 @@ nointr Do not allow signals to interrupt cluster atime_quantum=60(*) OCFS2 will not update atime unless this number of seconds has passed since the last update. Set to zero to always update atime. +data=ordered (*) All data are forced directly out to the main file + system prior to its metadata being committed to the + journal. +data=writeback Data ordering is not preserved, data may be written + into the main file system after its metadata has been + committed to the journal. +preferred_slot=0(*) During mount, try to use this filesystem slot first. If + it is in use by another node, the first empty one found + will be chosen. Invalid values will be ignored. diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-piix4 b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-piix4 index fa0c786a8bf..cf6b6cb02aa 100644 --- a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-piix4 +++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-piix4 @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Supported adapters: Datasheet: Publicly available at the Intel website * ServerWorks OSB4, CSB5, CSB6 and HT-1000 southbridges Datasheet: Only available via NDA from ServerWorks - * ATI IXP200, IXP300, IXP400, SB600 and SB700 southbridges + * ATI IXP200, IXP300, IXP400, SB600, SB700 and SB800 southbridges Datasheet: Not publicly available * Standard Microsystems (SMSC) SLC90E66 (Victory66) southbridge Datasheet: Publicly available at the SMSC website http://www.smsc.com diff --git a/Documentation/input/iforce-protocol.txt b/Documentation/input/iforce-protocol.txt index 95df4ca70e7..8777d2d321e 100644 --- a/Documentation/input/iforce-protocol.txt +++ b/Documentation/input/iforce-protocol.txt @@ -1,254 +1,254 @@ -** Introduction
-This document describes what I managed to discover about the protocol used to
-specify force effects to I-Force 2.0 devices. None of this information comes
-from Immerse. That's why you should not trust what is written in this
-document. This document is intended to help understanding the protocol.
-This is not a reference. Comments and corrections are welcome. To contact me,
-send an email to: deneux@ifrance.com
-
-** WARNING **
-I may not be held responsible for any dammage or harm caused if you try to
-send data to your I-Force device based on what you read in this document.
-
-** Preliminary Notes:
-All values are hexadecimal with big-endian encoding (msb on the left). Beware,
-values inside packets are encoded using little-endian. Bytes whose roles are
-unknown are marked ??? Information that needs deeper inspection is marked (?)
-
-** General form of a packet **
-This is how packets look when the device uses the rs232 to communicate.
-2B OP LEN DATA CS
-CS is the checksum. It is equal to the exclusive or of all bytes.
-
-When using USB:
-OP DATA
-The 2B, LEN and CS fields have disappeared, probably because USB handles frames and
-data corruption is handled or unsignificant.
-
-First, I describe effects that are sent by the device to the computer
-
-** Device input state
-This packet is used to indicate the state of each button and the value of each
-axis
-OP= 01 for a joystick, 03 for a wheel
-LEN= Varies from device to device
-00 X-Axis lsb
-01 X-Axis msb
-02 Y-Axis lsb, or gas pedal for a wheel
-03 Y-Axis msb, or brake pedal for a wheel
-04 Throttle
-05 Buttons
-06 Lower 4 bits: Buttons
- Upper 4 bits: Hat
-07 Rudder
-
-** Device effects states
-OP= 02
-LEN= Varies
-00 ? Bit 1 (Value 2) is the value of the deadman switch
-01 Bit 8 is set if the effect is playing. Bits 0 to 7 are the effect id.
-02 ??
-03 Address of parameter block changed (lsb)
-04 Address of parameter block changed (msb)
-05 Address of second parameter block changed (lsb)
-... depending on the number of parameter blocks updated
-
-** Force effect **
-OP= 01
-LEN= 0e
-00 Channel (when playing several effects at the same time, each must be assigned a channel)
-01 Wave form
- Val 00 Constant
- Val 20 Square
- Val 21 Triangle
- Val 22 Sine
- Val 23 Sawtooth up
- Val 24 Sawtooth down
- Val 40 Spring (Force = f(pos))
- Val 41 Friction (Force = f(velocity)) and Inertia (Force = f(acceleration))
-
-
-02 Axes affected and trigger
- Bits 4-7: Val 2 = effect along one axis. Byte 05 indicates direction
- Val 4 = X axis only. Byte 05 must contain 5a
- Val 8 = Y axis only. Byte 05 must contain b4
- Val c = X and Y axes. Bytes 05 must contain 60
- Bits 0-3: Val 0 = No trigger
- Val x+1 = Button x triggers the effect
- When the whole byte is 0, cancel the previously set trigger
-
-03-04 Duration of effect (little endian encoding, in ms)
-
-05 Direction of effect, if applicable. Else, see 02 for value to assign.
-
-06-07 Minimum time between triggering.
-
-08-09 Address of periodicity or magnitude parameters
-0a-0b Address of attack and fade parameters, or ffff if none.
-*or*
-08-09 Address of interactive parameters for X-axis, or ffff if not applicable
-0a-0b Address of interactive parameters for Y-axis, or ffff if not applicable
-
-0c-0d Delay before execution of effect (little endian encoding, in ms)
-
-
-** Time based parameters **
-
-*** Attack and fade ***
-OP= 02
-LEN= 08
-00-01 Address where to store the parameteres
-02-03 Duration of attack (little endian encoding, in ms)
-04 Level at end of attack. Signed byte.
-05-06 Duration of fade.
-07 Level at end of fade.
-
-*** Magnitude ***
-OP= 03
-LEN= 03
-00-01 Address
-02 Level. Signed byte.
-
-*** Periodicity ***
-OP= 04
-LEN= 07
-00-01 Address
-02 Magnitude. Signed byte.
-03 Offset. Signed byte.
-04 Phase. Val 00 = 0 deg, Val 40 = 90 degs.
-05-06 Period (little endian encoding, in ms)
-
-** Interactive parameters **
-OP= 05
-LEN= 0a
-00-01 Address
-02 Positive Coeff
-03 Negative Coeff
-04+05 Offset (center)
-06+07 Dead band (Val 01F4 = 5000 (decimal))
-08 Positive saturation (Val 0a = 1000 (decimal) Val 64 = 10000 (decimal))
-09 Negative saturation
-
-The encoding is a bit funny here: For coeffs, these are signed values. The
-maximum value is 64 (100 decimal), the min is 9c.
-For the offset, the minimum value is FE0C, the maximum value is 01F4.
-For the deadband, the minimum value is 0, the max is 03E8.
-
-** Controls **
-OP= 41
-LEN= 03
-00 Channel
-01 Start/Stop
- Val 00: Stop
- Val 01: Start and play once.
- Val 41: Start and play n times (See byte 02 below)
-02 Number of iterations n.
-
-** Init **
-
-*** Querying features ***
-OP= ff
-Query command. Length varies according to the query type.
-The general format of this packet is:
-ff 01 QUERY [INDEX] CHECKSUM
-reponses are of the same form:
-FF LEN QUERY VALUE_QUERIED CHECKSUM2
-where LEN = 1 + length(VALUE_QUERIED)
-
-**** Query ram size ****
-QUERY = 42 ('B'uffer size)
-The device should reply with the same packet plus two additionnal bytes
-containing the size of the memory:
-ff 03 42 03 e8 CS would mean that the device has 1000 bytes of ram available.
-
-**** Query number of effects ****
-QUERY = 4e ('N'umber of effects)
-The device should respond by sending the number of effects that can be played
-at the same time (one byte)
-ff 02 4e 14 CS would stand for 20 effects.
-
-**** Vendor's id ****
-QUERY = 4d ('M'anufacturer)
-Query the vendors'id (2 bytes)
-
-**** Product id *****
-QUERY = 50 ('P'roduct)
-Query the product id (2 bytes)
-
-**** Open device ****
-QUERY = 4f ('O'pen)
-No data returned.
-
-**** Close device *****
-QUERY = 43 ('C')lose
-No data returned.
-
-**** Query effect ****
-QUERY = 45 ('E')
-Send effect type.
-Returns nonzero if supported (2 bytes)
-
-**** Firmware Version ****
-QUERY = 56 ('V'ersion)
-Sends back 3 bytes - major, minor, subminor
-
-*** Initialisation of the device ***
-
-**** Set Control ****
-!!! Device dependent, can be different on different models !!!
-OP= 40 <idx> <val> [<val>]
-LEN= 2 or 3
-00 Idx
- Idx 00 Set dead zone (0..2048)
- Idx 01 Ignore Deadman sensor (0..1)
- Idx 02 Enable comm watchdog (0..1)
- Idx 03 Set the strength of the spring (0..100)
- Idx 04 Enable or disable the spring (0/1)
- Idx 05 Set axis saturation threshold (0..2048)
-
-**** Set Effect State ****
-OP= 42 <val>
-LEN= 1
-00 State
- Bit 3 Pause force feedback
- Bit 2 Enable force feedback
- Bit 0 Stop all effects
-
-**** Set overall gain ****
-OP= 43 <val>
-LEN= 1
-00 Gain
- Val 00 = 0%
- Val 40 = 50%
- Val 80 = 100%
-
-** Parameter memory **
-
-Each device has a certain amount of memory to store parameters of effects.
-The amount of RAM may vary, I encountered values from 200 to 1000 bytes. Below
-is the amount of memory apparently needed for every set of parameters:
- - period : 0c
- - magnitude : 02
- - attack and fade : 0e
- - interactive : 08
-
-** Appendix: How to study the protocol ? **
-
-1. Generate effects using the force editor provided with the DirectX SDK, or use Immersion Studio (freely available at their web site in the developer section: www.immersion.com)
-2. Start a soft spying RS232 or USB (depending on where you connected your joystick/wheel). I used ComPortSpy from fCoder (alpha version!)
-3. Play the effect, and watch what happens on the spy screen.
-
-A few words about ComPortSpy:
-At first glance, this soft seems, hum, well... buggy. In fact, data appear with a few seconds latency. Personnaly, I restart it every time I play an effect.
-Remember it's free (as in free beer) and alpha!
-
-** URLS **
-Check www.immerse.com for Immersion Studio, and www.fcoder.com for ComPortSpy.
-
-** Author of this document **
-Johann Deneux <deneux@ifrance.com>
-Home page at http://www.esil.univ-mrs.fr/~jdeneux/projects/ff/
-
-Additions by Vojtech Pavlik.
-
-I-Force is trademark of Immersion Corp.
+** Introduction +This document describes what I managed to discover about the protocol used to +specify force effects to I-Force 2.0 devices. None of this information comes +from Immerse. That's why you should not trust what is written in this +document. This document is intended to help understanding the protocol. +This is not a reference. Comments and corrections are welcome. To contact me, +send an email to: deneux@ifrance.com + +** WARNING ** +I may not be held responsible for any dammage or harm caused if you try to +send data to your I-Force device based on what you read in this document. + +** Preliminary Notes: +All values are hexadecimal with big-endian encoding (msb on the left). Beware, +values inside packets are encoded using little-endian. Bytes whose roles are +unknown are marked ??? Information that needs deeper inspection is marked (?) + +** General form of a packet ** +This is how packets look when the device uses the rs232 to communicate. +2B OP LEN DATA CS +CS is the checksum. It is equal to the exclusive or of all bytes. + +When using USB: +OP DATA +The 2B, LEN and CS fields have disappeared, probably because USB handles frames and +data corruption is handled or unsignificant. + +First, I describe effects that are sent by the device to the computer + +** Device input state +This packet is used to indicate the state of each button and the value of each +axis +OP= 01 for a joystick, 03 for a wheel +LEN= Varies from device to device +00 X-Axis lsb +01 X-Axis msb +02 Y-Axis lsb, or gas pedal for a wheel +03 Y-Axis msb, or brake pedal for a wheel +04 Throttle +05 Buttons +06 Lower 4 bits: Buttons + Upper 4 bits: Hat +07 Rudder + +** Device effects states +OP= 02 +LEN= Varies +00 ? Bit 1 (Value 2) is the value of the deadman switch +01 Bit 8 is set if the effect is playing. Bits 0 to 7 are the effect id. +02 ?? +03 Address of parameter block changed (lsb) +04 Address of parameter block changed (msb) +05 Address of second parameter block changed (lsb) +... depending on the number of parameter blocks updated + +** Force effect ** +OP= 01 +LEN= 0e +00 Channel (when playing several effects at the same time, each must be assigned a channel) +01 Wave form + Val 00 Constant + Val 20 Square + Val 21 Triangle + Val 22 Sine + Val 23 Sawtooth up + Val 24 Sawtooth down + Val 40 Spring (Force = f(pos)) + Val 41 Friction (Force = f(velocity)) and Inertia (Force = f(acceleration)) + + +02 Axes affected and trigger + Bits 4-7: Val 2 = effect along one axis. Byte 05 indicates direction + Val 4 = X axis only. Byte 05 must contain 5a + Val 8 = Y axis only. Byte 05 must contain b4 + Val c = X and Y axes. Bytes 05 must contain 60 + Bits 0-3: Val 0 = No trigger + Val x+1 = Button x triggers the effect + When the whole byte is 0, cancel the previously set trigger + +03-04 Duration of effect (little endian encoding, in ms) + +05 Direction of effect, if applicable. Else, see 02 for value to assign. + +06-07 Minimum time between triggering. + +08-09 Address of periodicity or magnitude parameters +0a-0b Address of attack and fade parameters, or ffff if none. +*or* +08-09 Address of interactive parameters for X-axis, or ffff if not applicable +0a-0b Address of interactive parameters for Y-axis, or ffff if not applicable + +0c-0d Delay before execution of effect (little endian encoding, in ms) + + +** Time based parameters ** + +*** Attack and fade *** +OP= 02 +LEN= 08 +00-01 Address where to store the parameteres +02-03 Duration of attack (little endian encoding, in ms) +04 Level at end of attack. Signed byte. +05-06 Duration of fade. +07 Level at end of fade. + +*** Magnitude *** +OP= 03 +LEN= 03 +00-01 Address +02 Level. Signed byte. + +*** Periodicity *** +OP= 04 +LEN= 07 +00-01 Address +02 Magnitude. Signed byte. +03 Offset. Signed byte. +04 Phase. Val 00 = 0 deg, Val 40 = 90 degs. +05-06 Period (little endian encoding, in ms) + +** Interactive parameters ** +OP= 05 +LEN= 0a +00-01 Address +02 Positive Coeff +03 Negative Coeff +04+05 Offset (center) +06+07 Dead band (Val 01F4 = 5000 (decimal)) +08 Positive saturation (Val 0a = 1000 (decimal) Val 64 = 10000 (decimal)) +09 Negative saturation + +The encoding is a bit funny here: For coeffs, these are signed values. The +maximum value is 64 (100 decimal), the min is 9c. +For the offset, the minimum value is FE0C, the maximum value is 01F4. +For the deadband, the minimum value is 0, the max is 03E8. + +** Controls ** +OP= 41 +LEN= 03 +00 Channel +01 Start/Stop + Val 00: Stop + Val 01: Start and play once. + Val 41: Start and play n times (See byte 02 below) +02 Number of iterations n. + +** Init ** + +*** Querying features *** +OP= ff +Query command. Length varies according to the query type. +The general format of this packet is: +ff 01 QUERY [INDEX] CHECKSUM +reponses are of the same form: +FF LEN QUERY VALUE_QUERIED CHECKSUM2 +where LEN = 1 + length(VALUE_QUERIED) + +**** Query ram size **** +QUERY = 42 ('B'uffer size) +The device should reply with the same packet plus two additionnal bytes +containing the size of the memory: +ff 03 42 03 e8 CS would mean that the device has 1000 bytes of ram available. + +**** Query number of effects **** +QUERY = 4e ('N'umber of effects) +The device should respond by sending the number of effects that can be played +at the same time (one byte) +ff 02 4e 14 CS would stand for 20 effects. + +**** Vendor's id **** +QUERY = 4d ('M'anufacturer) +Query the vendors'id (2 bytes) + +**** Product id ***** +QUERY = 50 ('P'roduct) +Query the product id (2 bytes) + +**** Open device **** +QUERY = 4f ('O'pen) +No data returned. + +**** Close device ***** +QUERY = 43 ('C')lose +No data returned. + +**** Query effect **** +QUERY = 45 ('E') +Send effect type. +Returns nonzero if supported (2 bytes) + +**** Firmware Version **** +QUERY = 56 ('V'ersion) +Sends back 3 bytes - major, minor, subminor + +*** Initialisation of the device *** + +**** Set Control **** +!!! Device dependent, can be different on different models !!! +OP= 40 <idx> <val> [<val>] +LEN= 2 or 3 +00 Idx + Idx 00 Set dead zone (0..2048) + Idx 01 Ignore Deadman sensor (0..1) + Idx 02 Enable comm watchdog (0..1) + Idx 03 Set the strength of the spring (0..100) + Idx 04 Enable or disable the spring (0/1) + Idx 05 Set axis saturation threshold (0..2048) + +**** Set Effect State **** +OP= 42 <val> +LEN= 1 +00 State + Bit 3 Pause force feedback + Bit 2 Enable force feedback + Bit 0 Stop all effects + +**** Set overall gain **** +OP= 43 <val> +LEN= 1 +00 Gain + Val 00 = 0% + Val 40 = 50% + Val 80 = 100% + +** Parameter memory ** + +Each device has a certain amount of memory to store parameters of effects. +The amount of RAM may vary, I encountered values from 200 to 1000 bytes. Below +is the amount of memory apparently needed for every set of parameters: + - period : 0c + - magnitude : 02 + - attack and fade : 0e + - interactive : 08 + +** Appendix: How to study the protocol ? ** + +1. Generate effects using the force editor provided with the DirectX SDK, or use Immersion Studio (freely available at their web site in the developer section: www.immersion.com) +2. Start a soft spying RS232 or USB (depending on where you connected your joystick/wheel). I used ComPortSpy from fCoder (alpha version!) +3. Play the effect, and watch what happens on the spy screen. + +A few words about ComPortSpy: +At first glance, this soft seems, hum, well... buggy. In fact, data appear with a few seconds latency. Personnaly, I restart it every time I play an effect. +Remember it's free (as in free beer) and alpha! + +** URLS ** +Check www.immerse.com for Immersion Studio, and www.fcoder.com for ComPortSpy. + +** Author of this document ** +Johann Deneux <deneux@ifrance.com> +Home page at http://www.esil.univ-mrs.fr/~jdeneux/projects/ff/ + +Additions by Vojtech Pavlik. + +I-Force is trademark of Immersion Corp. diff --git a/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt index 975f029be25..4d175c75124 100644 --- a/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt +++ b/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt @@ -468,9 +468,6 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file Format: <first_slot>,<last_slot>,<port>,<enum_bit>[,<debug>] - cpia_pp= [HW,PPT] - Format: { parport<nr> | auto | none } - crashkernel=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG] [KNL] Reserve a chunk of physical memory to hold a kernel to switch to with kexec on panic. @@ -952,14 +949,10 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file Format: <1-256> maxcpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel - should make use of. - Using "nosmp" or "maxcpus=0" will disable SMP - entirely (the MPS table probe still happens, though). - A command-line option of "maxcpus=<NUM>", where <NUM> - is an integer greater than 0, limits the maximum number - of CPUs activated in SMP mode to <NUM>. - Using "maxcpus=1" on an SMP kernel is the trivial - case of an SMP kernel with only one CPU. + should make use of. maxcpus=n : n >= 0 limits the + kernel to using 'n' processors. n=0 is a special case, + it is equivalent to "nosmp", which also disables + the IO APIC. max_addr=[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory greater than or equal to this physical address is ignored. @@ -1184,7 +1177,8 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file nosep [BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 SYSENTER/SYSEXIT support. - nosmp [SMP] Tells an SMP kernel to act as a UP kernel. + nosmp [SMP] Tells an SMP kernel to act as a UP kernel, + and disable the IO APIC. legacy for "maxcpus=0". nosoftlockup [KNL] Disable the soft-lockup detector. @@ -1826,6 +1820,10 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file -1: disable all active trip points in all thermal zones <degrees C>: override all lowest active trip points + thermal.crt= [HW,ACPI] + -1: disable all critical trip points in all thermal zones + <degrees C>: lower all critical trip points + thermal.nocrt= [HW,ACPI] Set to disable actions on ACPI thermal zone critical and hot trip points. diff --git a/Documentation/ko_KR/HOWTO b/Documentation/ko_KR/HOWTO new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b51d7ca842b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/ko_KR/HOWTO @@ -0,0 +1,623 @@ +NOTE: +This is a version of Documentation/HOWTO translated into korean +This document is maintained by minchan Kim < minchan.kim@gmail.com> +If you find any difference between this document and the original file or +a problem with the translation, please contact the maintainer of this file. + +Please also note that the purpose of this file is to be easier to +read for non English (read: korean) speakers and is not intended as +a fork. So if you have any comments or updates for this file please +try to update the original English file first. + +================================== +이 문서는 +Documentation/HOWTO +의 한글 번역입니다. + +역자： 김민찬 <minchan.kim@gmail.com > +감수： 이제이미 <jamee.lee@samsung.com> +================================== + +어떻게 리눅스 커널 개발을 하는가 +--------------------------------- + +이 문서는 커널 개발에 있어 가장 중요한 문서이다. 이 문서는 +리눅스 커널 개발자가 되는 법과 리눅스 커널 개발 커뮤니티와 일하는 +법을 담고있다. 커널 프로그래밍의기술적인 측면과 관련된 내용들은 +포함하지 않으려고 하였지만 올바으로 여러분을 안내하는 데 도움이 +될 것이다. + +이 문서에서 오래된 것을 발견하면 문서의 아래쪽에 나열된 메인트너에게 +패치를 보내달라. + + +소개 +---- + +자, 여러분은 리눅스 커널 개발자가 되는 법을 배우고 싶은가? 아니면 +상사로부터"이 장치를 위한 리눅스 드라이버를 작성하시오"라는 말을 +들었는가? 이 문서는 여러분이 겪게 될 과정과 커뮤니티와 일하는 법을 +조언하여 여러분의 목적을 달성하기 위해 필요한 것 모두를 알려주는 +것이다. + +커널은 대부분은 C로 작성되었어고 몇몇 아키텍쳐의 의존적인 부분은 +어셈블리로 작성되었다. 커널 개발을 위해 C를 잘 이해하고 있어야 한다. +여러분이 특정 아키텍쳐의 low-level 개발을 할 것이 아니라면 +어셈블리(특정 아키텍쳐)는 잘 알아야 할 필요는 없다. +다음의 참고서적들은 기본에 충실한 C 교육이나 수년간의 경험에 견주지는 +못하지만 적어도 참고 용도로는 좋을 것이다 + - "The C Programming Language" by Kernighan and Ritchie [Prentice Hall] + - "Practical C Programming" by Steve Oualline [O'Reilly] + - "C: A Reference Manual" by Harbison and Steele [Prentice Hall] + +커널은 GNU C와 GNU 툴체인을 사용하여 작성되었다. 이 툴들은 ISO C89 표준을 +따르는 반면 표준에 있지 않은 많은 확장기능도 가지고 있다. 커널은 표준 C +라이브러리와는 관계없이 freestanding C 환경이어서 C 표준의 일부는 +지원되지 않는다. 임의의 long long 나누기나 floating point는 지원되지 않는다. +때론 이런 이유로 커널이 그런 확장 기능을 가진 툴체인을 가지고 만들어졌다는 +것이 이해하기 어려울 수도 있고 게다가 불행하게도 그런 것을 정확하게 설명하는 +어떤 참고문서도 있지 않다. 정보를 얻기 위해서는 gcc info (`info gcc`)페이지를 +살펴보라. + +여러분은 기존의 개발 커뮤니티와 일하는 법을 배우려고 하고 있다는 것을 +기억하라. 코딩, 스타일, 절차에 관한 훌륭한 표준을 가진 사람들이 모인 +다양한 그룹이 있다. 이 표준들은 오랜동안 크고 지역적으로 분산된 팀들에 +의해 가장 좋은 방법으로 일하기위하여 찾은 것을 기초로 만들어져왔다. +그 표준들은 문서화가 잘 되어 있기 때문에 가능한한 미리 많은 표준들에 +관하여 배우려고 시도하라. 다른 사람들은 여러분이나 여러분의 회사가 +일하는 방식에 적응하는 것을 원하지는 않는다. + + +법적 문제 +--------- + +리눅스 커널 소스 코드는 GPL로 배포(release)되었다. 소스트리의 메인 +디렉토리에 있는 라이센스에 관하여 상세하게 쓰여 있는 COPYING이라는 +파일을 봐라.여러분이 라이센스에 관한 더 깊은 문제를 가지고 있다면 +리눅스 커널 메일링 리스트에 묻지말고 변호사와 연락하라. 메일링 +리스트들에 있는 사람들은 변호사가 아니기 때문에 법적 문제에 관하여 +그들의 말에 의지해서는 안된다. + +GPL에 관한 잦은 질문들과 답변들은 다음을 참조하라. + http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html + + +문서 +---- + +리눅스 커널 소스 트리는 커널 커뮤니티와 일하는 법을 배우기 위한 많은 +귀중한 문서들을 가지고 있다. 새로운 기능들이 커널에 들어가게 될 때, +그 기능을 어떻게 사용하는지에 관한 설명을 위하여 새로운 문서 파일을 +추가하는 것을 권장한다. 커널이 유저스페이스로 노출하는 인터페이스를 +변경하게 되면 변경을 설명하는 메뉴얼 페이지들에 대한 패치나 정보를 +mtk-manpages@gmx.net의 메인트너에게 보낼 것을 권장한다. + +다음은 커널 소스 트리에 있는 읽어야 할 파일들의 리스트이다. + README + 이 파일은 리눅스 커널에 관하여 간단한 배경 설명과 커널을 설정하고 + 빌드하기 위해 필요한 것을 설명한다. 커널에 입문하는 사람들은 여기서 + 시작해야 한다. + + Documentation/Changes + 이 파일은 커널을 성공적으로 빌드하고 실행시키기 위해 필요한 다양한 + 소프트웨어 패키지들의 최소 버젼을 나열한다. + + Documentation/CodingStyle + 이 문서는 리눅스 커널 코딩 스타일과 그렇게 한 몇몇 이유를 설명한다. + 모든 새로운 코드는 이 문서에 가이드라인들을 따라야 한다. 대부분의 + 메인트너들은 이 규칙을 따르는 패치들만을 받아들일 것이고 많은 사람들이 + 그 패치가 올바른 스타일일 경우만 코드를 검토할 것이다. + + Documentation/SubmittingPatches + Documentation/SubmittingDrivers + 이 파일들은 성공적으로 패치를 만들고 보내는 법을 다음의 내용들로 + 굉장히 상세히 설명하고 있다(그러나 다음으로 한정되진 않는다). + - Email 내용들 + - Email 양식 + - 그것을 누구에게 보낼지 + 이러한 규칙들을 따르는 것이 성공을 보장하진 않는다(왜냐하면 모든 + 패치들은 내용과 스타일에 관하여 면밀히 검토되기 때문이다). + 그러나 규칙을 따르지 않는다면 거의 성공하지도 못할 것이다. + + 올바른 패치들을 만드는 법에 관한 훌륭한 다른 문서들이 있다. + "The Perfect Patch" + http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/tpp.txt + "Linux kernel patch submission format" + http://linux.yyz.us/patch-format.html + + Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt + 이 문서는 의도적으로 커널이 변하지 않는 API를 갖지 않도록 결정한 + 이유를 설명하며 다음과 같은 것들을 포함한다. + - 서브시스템 shim-layer(호환성을 위해?) + - 운영 체제들 간의 드라이버 이식성 + - 커널 소스 트리내에 빠른 변화를 늦추는 것(또는 빠른 변화를 막는 것) + 이 문서는 리눅스 개발 철학을 이해하는데 필수적이며 다른 운영체제에서 + 리눅스로 옮겨오는 사람들에게는 매우 중요하다. + + + Documentation/SecurityBugs + 여러분들이 리눅스 커널의 보안 문제를 발견했다고 생각한다면 이 문서에 + 나온 단계에 따라서 커널 개발자들에게 알리고 그 문제를 해결할 수 있도록 + 도와 달라. + + Documentation/ManagementStyle + 이 문서는 리눅스 커널 메인트너들이 어떻게 그들의 방법론의 정신을 + 어떻게 공유하고 운영하는지를 설명한다. 이것은 커널 개발에 입문하는 + 모든 사람들(또는 커널 개발에 작은 호기심이라도 있는 사람들)이 + 읽어야 할 중요한 문서이다. 왜냐하면 이 문서는 커널 메인트너들의 + 독특한 행동에 관하여 흔히 있는 오해들과 혼란들을 해소하고 있기 + 때문이다. + + Documentation/stable_kernel_rules.txt + 이 문서는 안정적인 커널 배포가 이루어지는 규칙을 설명하고 있으며 + 여러분들이 이러한 배포들 중 하나에 변경을 하길 원한다면 + 무엇을 해야 하는지를 설명한다. + + Documentation/kernel-docs.txt + 커널 개발에 관계된 외부 문서의 리스트이다. 커널 내의 포함된 문서들 + 중에 여러분이 찾고 싶은 문서를 발견하지 못할 경우 이 리스트를 + 살펴보라. + + Documentation/applying-patches.txt + 패치가 무엇이며 그것을 커널의 다른 개발 브랜치들에 어떻게 + 적용하는지에 관하여 자세히 설명 하고 있는 좋은 입문서이다. + +커널은 소스 코드 그 자체에서 자동적으로 만들어질 수 있는 많은 문서들을 +가지고 있다. 이것은 커널 내의 API에 대한 모든 설명, 그리고 락킹을 +올바르게 처리하는 법에 관한 규칙을 포함하고 있다. 이 문서는 +Documentation/DocBook/ 디렉토리 내에서 만들어지며 PDF, Postscript, HTML, +그리고 man 페이지들로 다음과 같이 실행하여 만들어 진다. + make pdfdocs + make psdocs + make htmldocs + make mandocs +각각의 명령을 메인 커널 소스 디렉토리로부터 실행한다. + + +커널 개발자가 되는 것 +--------------------- + +여러분이 리눅스 커널 개발에 관하여 아무것도 모른다면 Linux KernelNewbies +프로젝트를 봐야 한다. + http://kernelnewbies.org +그곳은 거의 모든 종류의 기본적인 커널 개발 질문들(질문하기 전에 먼저 +아카이브를 찾아봐라. 과거에 이미 답변되었을 수도 있다)을 할수있는 도움이 +될만한 메일링 리스트가 있다. 또한 실시간으로 질문 할수 있는 IRC 채널도 +가지고 있으며 리눅스 커널 개발을 배우는 데 유용한 문서들을 보유하고 있다. + +웹사이트는 코드구성, 서브시스템들, 그리고 현재 프로젝트들 +(트리 내, 외부에 존재하는)에 관한 기본적인 정보들을 가지고 있다. 또한 +그곳은 커널 컴파일이나 패치를 하는 법과 같은 기본적인 것들을 설명한다. + +여러분이 어디서 시작해야 할진 모르지만 커널 개발 커뮤니티에 참여할 수 +있는 일들을 찾길 원한다면 리눅스 커널 Janitor 프로젝트를 살펴봐라. + http://janitor.kernelnewbies.org/ +그곳은 시작하기에 아주 딱 좋은 곳이다. 그곳은 리눅스 커널 소스 트리내에 +간단히 정리되고 수정될 수 있는 문제들에 관하여 설명한다. 여러분은 이 +프로젝트를 대표하는 개발자들과 일하면서 자신의 패치를 리눅스 커널 트리에 +반영하기 위한 기본적인 것들을 배우게 될것이며 여러분이 아직 아이디어를 +가지고 있지 않다면 다음에 무엇을 해야할지에 관한 방향을 배울 수 있을 +것이다. + +여러분들이 이미 커널 트리에 반영하길 원하는 코드 묶음을 가지고 있지만 +올바른 포맷으로 포장하는데 도움이 필요하다면 그러한 문제를 돕기 위해 +만들어진 kernel-mentors 프로젝트가 있다. 그곳은 메일링 리스트이며 +다음에서 참조할 수 있다. + http://selenic.com/mailman/listinfo/kernel-mentors + +리눅스 커널 코드에 실제 변경을 하기 전에 반드시 그 코드가 어떻게 +동작하는지 이해하고 있어야 한다. 코드를 분석하기 위하여 특정한 툴의 +도움을 빌려서라도 코드를 직접 읽는 것보다 좋은 것은 없다(대부분의 +자잘한 부분들은 잘 코멘트되어 있다). 그런 툴들 중에 특히 추천할만한 +것은 Linux Cross-Reference project이며 그것은 자기 참조 방식이며 +소스코드를 인덱스된 웹 페이지들의 형태로 보여준다. 최신의 멋진 커널 +코드 저장소는 다음을 통하여 참조할 수 있다. + http://sosdg.org/~coywolf/lxr/ + + +개발 프로세스 +------------- + +리눅스 커널 개발 프로세스는 현재 몇몇 다른 메인 커널 "브랜치들"과 +서브시스템에 특화된 커널 브랜치들로 구성된다. 몇몇 다른 메인 +브랜치들은 다음과 같다. + - main 2.6.x 커널 트리 + - 2.6.x.y - 안정된 커널 트리 + - 2.6.x -git 커널 패치들 + - 2.6.x -mm 커널 패치들 + - 서브시스템을 위한 커널 트리들과 패치들 + +2.6.x 커널 트리 +--------------- + +2.6.x 커널들은 Linux Torvalds가 관리하며 kernel.org의 pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/ +디렉토리에서 참조될 수 있다.개발 프로세스는 다음과 같다. + - 새로운 커널이 배포되자마자 2주의 시간이 주어진다. 이 기간동은 + 메인트너들은 큰 diff들을 Linus에게 제출할 수 있다. 대개 이 패치들은 + 몇 주 동안 -mm 커널내에 이미 있었던 것들이다. 큰 변경들을 제출하는 데 + 선호되는 방법은 git(커널의 소스 관리 툴, 더 많은 정보들은 http://git.or.cz/ + 에서 참조할 수 있다)를 사용하는 것이지만 순수한 패치파일의 형식으로 보내도 + 것도 무관하다. + - 2주 후에 -rc1 커널이 배포되며 지금부터는 전체 커널의 안정성에 영향을 + 미칠수 있는 새로운 기능들을 포함하지 않는 패치들만을 추가될 수 있다. + 완전히 새로운 드라이버(혹은 파일시스템)는 -rc1 이후에만 받아들여진다는 + 것을 기억해라. 왜냐하면 변경이 자체내에서만 발생하고 추가된 코드가 + 드라이버 외부의 다른 부분에는 영향을 주지 않으므로 그런 변경은 + 퇴보(regression)를 일으킬 만한 위험을 가지고 있지 않기 때문이다. -rc1이 + 배포된 이후에 git를 사용하여 패치들을 Linus에게 보낼수 있지만 패치들은 + 공식적인 메일링 리스트로 보내서 검토를 받을 필요가 있다. + - 새로운 -rc는 Linus는 현재 git tree가 테스트 하기에 충분히 안정된 상태에 + 있다고 판단될 때마다 배포된다. 목표는 새로운 -rc 커널을 매주 배포하는 + 것이다. + - 이러한 프로세스는 커널이 "준비"되었다고 여겨질때까지 계속된다. + 프로세스는 대체로 6주간 지속된다. + - 각 -rc 배포에 있는 알려진 퇴보의 목록들은 다음 URI에 남겨진다. + http://kernelnewbies.org/known_regressions + +커널 배포에 있어서 언급할만한 가치가 있는 리눅스 커널 메일링 리스트의 +Andrew Morton의 글이 있다. + "커널이 언제 배포될지는 아무로 모른다. 왜냐하면 배포는 알려진 + 버그의 상황에 따라 배포되는 것이지 미리정해 놓은 시간에 따라 + 배포되는 것은 아니기 때문이다." + +2.6.x.y - 안정 커널 트리 +------------------------ + +4 자리 숫자로 이루어진 버젼의 커널들은 -stable 커널들이다. 그것들은 2.6.x +커널에서 발견된 큰 퇴보들이나 보안 문제들 중 비교적 작고 중요한 수정들을 +포함한다. + +이것은 가장 최근의 안정적인 커널을 원하는 사용자에게 추천되는 브랜치이며, +개발/실험적 버젼을 테스트하는 것을 돕는데는 별로 관심이 없다. + +어떤 2.6.x.y 커널도 사용가능하지 않다면 그때는 가장 높은 숫자의 2.6.x +커널이 현재의 안정 커널이다. + +2.6.x.y는 "stable" 팀<stable@kernel.org>에 의해 관리되며 거의 매번 격주로 +배포된다. + +커널 트리 문서들 내에 Documentation/stable_kernel_rules.txt 파일은 어떤 +종류의 변경들이 -stable 트리로 들어왔는지와 배포 프로세스가 어떻게 +진행되는지를 설명한다. + + +2.6.x -git 패치들 +------------------ +git 저장소(그러므로 -git이라는 이름이 붙음)에는 날마다 관리되는 Linus의 +커널 트리의 snapshot 들이 있다. 이 패치들은 일반적으로 날마다 배포되며 +Linus의 트리의 현재 상태를 나타낸다. 이 패치들은 정상적인지 조금도 +살펴보지 않고 자동적으로 생성된 것이므로 -rc 커널들 보다도 더 실험적이다. + +2.6.x -mm 커널 패치들 +--------------------- +Andrew Morton에 의해 배포된 실험적인 커널 패치들이다. Andrew는 모든 다른 +서브시스템 커널 트리와 패치들을 가져와서 리눅스 커널 메일링 리스트로 +온 많은 패치들과 한데 묶는다. 이 트리는 새로운 기능들과 패치들을 위한 +장소를 제공하는 역할을 한다. 하나의 패치가 -mm에 한동안 있으면서 그 가치가 +증명되게 되면 Andrew나 서브시스템 메인트너는 그것을 메인라인에 포함시키기 +위하여 Linus에게 보낸다. + +커널 트리에 포함하고 싶은 모든 새로운 패치들은 Linus에게 보내지기 전에 +-mm 트리에서 테스트를 하는 것을 적극 추천한다. + +이 커널들은 안정되게 사용할 시스템에서에 실행하는 것은 적합하지 않으며 +다른 브랜치들의 어떤 것들보다 위험하다. + +여러분이 커널 개발 프로세스를 돕길 원한다면 이 커널 배포들을 사용하고 +테스트한 후 어떤 문제를 발견하거나 또는 모든 것이 잘 동작한다면 리눅스 +커널 메일링 리스트로 피드백을 해달라. + +이 커널들은 일반적으로 모든 다른 실험적인 패치들과 배포될 당시의 +사용가능한 메인라인 -git 커널들의 몇몇 변경을 포함한다. + +-mm 커널들은 정해진 일정대로 배포되지 않는다. 하지만 대개 몇몇 -mm 커널들은 +각 -rc 커널(1부터 3이 흔함) 사이에서 배포된다. + +서브시스템 커널 트리들과 패치들 +------------------------------- +많은 다른 커널 서브시스템 개발자들은 커널의 다른 부분들에서 무슨 일이 +일어나고 있는지를 볼수 있도록 그들의 개발 트리를 공개한다. 이 트리들은 +위에서 설명하였던 것 처럼 -mm 커널 배포들로 합쳐진다. + +다음은 활용가능한 커널 트리들을 나열한다. + git trees: + - Kbuild development tree, Sam Ravnborg < sam@ravnborg.org> + git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sam/kbuild.git + + - ACPI development tree, Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com > + git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/lenb/linux-acpi-2.6.git + + - Block development tree, Jens Axboe <axboe@suse.de> + git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/axboe/linux-2.6-block.git + + - DRM development tree, Dave Airlie <airlied@linux.ie> + git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/airlied/drm-2.6.git + + - ia64 development tree, Tony Luck < tony.luck@intel.com> + git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/aegl/linux-2.6.git + + - infiniband, Roland Dreier <rolandd@cisco.com > + git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/roland/infiniband.git + + - libata, Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com> + git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jgarzik/libata-dev.git + + - network drivers, Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com> + git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jgarzik/netdev-2.6.git + + - pcmcia, Dominik Brodowski < linux@dominikbrodowski.net> + git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/brodo/pcmcia-2.6.git + + - SCSI, James Bottomley < James.Bottomley@SteelEye.com> + git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jejb/scsi-misc-2.6.git + + quilt trees: + - USB, PCI, Driver Core, and I2C, Greg Kroah-Hartman < gregkh@suse.de> + kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/gregkh/gregkh-2.6/ + - x86-64, partly i386, Andi Kleen < ak@suse.de> + ftp.firstfloor.org:/pub/ak/x86_64/quilt/ + + 다른 커널 트리들은 http://kernel.org/git와 MAINTAINERS 파일에서 참조할 수 + 있다. + +버그 보고 +--------- +bugzilla.kernel.org는 리눅스 커널 개발자들이 커널의 버그를 추적하는 곳이다. +사용자들은 발견한 모든 버그들을 보고하기 위하여 이 툴을 사용할 것을 권장한다. +kernel bugzilla를 사용하는 자세한 방법은 다음을 참조하라. + http://test.kernel.org/bugzilla/faq.html + +메인 커널 소스 디렉토리에 있는 REPORTING-BUGS 파일은 커널 버그일 것 같은 +것을 보고하는는 법에 관한 좋은 템플릿이고 문제를 추적하기 위해서 커널 +개발자들이 필요로 하는 정보가 무엇들인지를 상세히 설명하고 있다. + + +버그 리포트들의 관리 +-------------------- + +여러분의 해킹 기술을 연습하는 가장 좋은 방법 중의 하는 다른 사람들이 +보고한 버그들을 수정하는 것이다. 여러분은 커널을 더욱 안정화시키는데 +도움을 줄 뿐만이 아니라 실제있는 문제들을 수정하는 법을 배우게 되고 +그와 함께 여러분들의 기술은 향상될 것이며 다른 개발자들이 여러분의 +존재에 대해 알게 될 것이다. 버그를 수정하는 것은 개발자들 사이에서 +점수를 얻을 수 있는 가장 좋은 방법중의 하나이다. 왜냐하면 많은 사람들은 +다른 사람들의 버그들을 수정하기 위하여 시간을 낭비하지 않기 때문이다. + +이미 보고된 버그 리포트들을 가지고 작업하기 위해서 http://bugzilla.kernelorg를 +참조하라. 여러분이 앞으로 생겨날 버그 리포트들의 조언자가 되길 원한다면 +bugme-new 메일링 리스트나(새로운 버그 리포트들만이 이곳에서 메일로 전해진다) +bugme-janitor 메일링 리스트(bugzilla에 모든 변화들이 여기서 메일로 전해진다) +에 등록하면 된다. + + http://lists.osdl.org/mailman/listinfo/bugme-new + http://lists.osdl.org/mailman/listinfo/bugme-janitors + + + +메일링 리스트들 +--------------- + +위의 몇몇 문서들이 설명하였지만 핵심 커널 개발자들의 대다수는 +리눅스 커널 메일링 리스트에 참여하고 있다. 리스트에 등록하고 해지하는 +방법에 관한 자세한 사항은 다음에서 참조할 수 있다. + http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#linux-kernel +웹상의 많은 다른 곳에도 메일링 리스트의 아카이브들이 있다. +이러한 아카이브들을 찾으려면 검색 엔진을 사용하라. 예를 들어: + http://dir.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel +여러분이 새로운 문제에 관해 리스트에 올리기 전에 말하고 싶은 주제에 대한 +것을 아카이브에서 먼저 찾기를 강력히 권장한다. 이미 상세하게 토론된 많은 +것들이 메일링 리스트의 아카이브에 기록되어 있다. + +각각의 커널 서브시스템들의 대부분은 자신들의 개발에 관한 노력들로 이루어진 +분리된 메일링 리스트를 따로 가지고 있다. 다른 그룹들이 무슨 리스트를 가지고 +있는지는 MAINTAINERS 파일을 참조하라. + +많은 리스트들은 kernel.org에서 호스트되고 있다. 그 정보들은 다음에서 참조될 수 있다. + http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html + +리스트들을 사용할 때는 올바른 예절을 따를 것을 유념해라. +대단하진 않지만 다음 URL은 리스트(혹은 모든 리스트)와 대화하는 몇몇 간단한 +가이드라인을 가지고 있다. + http://www.albion.com/netiquette/ + +여러 사람들이 여러분의 메일에 응답한다면 CC: 즉 수신 리스트는 꽤 커지게 +될 것이다. 아무 이유없이 CC에서 어떤 사람도 제거하거나 리스트 주소로만 +회신하지 마라. 메일을 보낸 사람으로서 하나를 받고 리스트로부터 또 +하나를 받아 두번 받는 것에 익숙하여 있으니 mail-header를 조작하려고 하지 +말아라. 사람들은 그런 것을 좋아하지 않을 것이다. + +여러분의 회신의 문맥을 원래대로 유지해야 한다. 여러분들의 회신의 윗부분에 +"John 커널해커는 작성했다...."를 유지하며 여러분들의 의견을 그 메일의 윗부분에 +작성하지 말고 각 인용한 단락들 사이에 넣어라. + +여러분들이 패치들을 메일에 넣는다면 그것들은 Documentation/SubmittingPatches에 +나와있는데로 명백히(plain) 읽을 수 있는 텍스트여야 한다. 커널 개발자들은 +첨부파일이나 압축된 패치들을 원하지 않는다. 그들은 여러분들의 패치의 +각 라인 단위로 코멘트를 하길 원하며 압축하거나 첨부하지 않고 보내는 것이 +그렇게 할 수 있는 유일한 방법이다. 여러분들이 사용하는 메일 프로그램이 +스페이스나 탭 문자들을 조작하지 않는지 확인하라. 가장 좋은 첫 테스트는 +메일을 자신에게 보내보고 스스로 그 패치를 적용해보라. 그것이 동작하지 +않는다면 여러분의 메일 프로그램을 고치던가 제대로 동작하는 프로그램으로 +바꾸어라. + +무엇보다도 메일링 리스트의 다른 구독자들에게 보여주려 한다는 것을 기억하라. + + +커뮤니티와 일하는 법 +-------------------- + +커널 커뮤니티의 목적은 가능한한 가장 좋은 커널을 제공하는 것이다. 여러분이 +받아들여질 패치를 제출하게 되면 그 패치의 기술적인 이점으로 검토될 것이다. +그럼 여러분들은 무엇을 기대하고 있어야 하는가? + - 비판 + - 의견 + - 변경을 위한 요구 + - 당위성을 위한 요구 + - 고요 + +기억하라. 이것들은 여러분의 패치가 커널로 들어가기 위한 과정이다. 여러분의 +패치들은 비판과 다른 의견을 받을 수 있고 그것들을 기술적인 레벨로 평가하고 +재작업하거나 또는 왜 수정하면 안되는지에 관하여 명료하고 간결한 이유를 +말할 수 있어야 한다. 여러분이 제출한 것에 어떤 응답도 있지 않다면 몇 일을 +기다려보고 다시 시도해라. 때론 너무 많은 메일들 속에 묻혀버리기도 한다. + +여러분은 무엇을 해서는 안되는가? + - 여러분의 패치가 아무 질문 없이 받아들여지기를 기대하는 것 + - 방어적이 되는 것 + - 의견을 무시하는 것 + - 요청된 변경을 하지 않고 패치를 다시 제출하는 것 + +가능한한 가장 좋은 기술적인 해답을 찾고 있는 커뮤니티에서는 항상 +어떤 패치가 얼마나 좋은지에 관하여 다른 의견들이 있을 수 있다. 여러분은 +협조적이어야 하고 기꺼이 여러분의 생각을 커널 내에 맞추어야 한다. 아니면 +적어도 여러분의 것이 가치있다는 것을 중명하여야 한다. 잘못된 것도 여러분이 +올바른 방향의 해결책으로 이끌어갈 의지가 있다면 받아들여질 것이라는 점을 +기억하라. + +여러분의 첫 패치에 여러분이 수정해야하는 십여개 정도의 회신이 오는 +경우도 흔하다. 이것은 여러분의 패치가 받아들여지지 않을 것이라는 것을 +의미하는 것이 아니고 개인적으로 여러분에게 감정이 있어서 그러는 것도 +아니다. 간단히 여러분의 패치에 제기된 문제들을 수정하고 그것을 다시 +보내라. + + +커널 커뮤니티와 기업 조직간의 차이점 +----------------------------------------------------------------- +커널 커뮤니티는 가장 전통적인 회사의 개발 환경과는 다르다. 여기에 여러분들의 +문제를 피하기 위한 목록이 있다. + 여러분들이 제안한 변경들에 관하여 말할 때 좋은 것들 : + - " 이것은 여러 문제들을 해겹합니다." + - "이것은 2000 라인의 코드를 제거합니다." + - "이것은 내가 말하려는 것에 관해 설명하는 패치입니다." + - "나는 5개의 다른 아키텍쳐에서 그것을 테스트했슴으로..." + - "여기에 일련의 작은 패치들이 있습음로..." + - "이것은 일반적인 머신에서 성능을 향상시키므로..." + + 여러분들이 말할 때 피해야 할 좋지 않은 것들 : + - "우리를 그것을 AIT/ptx/Solaris에서 이러한 방법으로 했다. 그러므로 그것은 좋은 것임에 틀립없다..." + - "나는 20년동안 이것을 해왔다. 그러므로..." + - "이것은 돈을 벌기위해 나의 회사가 필요로 하는 것이다." + - "이것은 우리의 엔터프라이즈 상품 라인을 위한 것이다." + - "여기에 나의 생각을 말하고 있는 1000 페이지 설계 문서가 있다." + - "나는 6달동안 이것을 했으니..." + - "여기세 5000라인 짜리 패치가 있으니..." + - "나는 현재 뒤죽박죽인 것을 재작성했다. 그리고 여기에..." + - "나는 마감시한을 가지고 있으므로 이 패치는 지금 적용될 필요가 있다." + +커널 커뮤니티가 전통적인 소프트웨어 엔지니어링 개발 환경들과 +또 다른 점은 얼굴을 보지 않고 일한다는 점이다. 이메일과 irc를 대화의 +주요수단으로 사용하는 것의 한가지 장점은 성별이나 인종의 차별이 +없다는 것이다. 리눅스 커널의 작업 환경에서는 단지 이메일 주소만 +알수 있기 때문에 여성과 소수 민족들도 모두 받아들여진다. 국제적으로 +일하게 되는 측면은 사람의 이름에 근거하여 성별을 추측할 수 없게 +하기때문에 차별을 없애는 데 도움을 준다. Andrea라는 이름을 가진 남자와 +Pat이라는 이름을 가진 여자가 있을 수도 있는 것이다. 리눅스 커널에서 +작업하며 생각을 표현해왔던 대부분의 여성들은 긍정적인 경험을 가지고 +있다. + +언어 장벽은 영어에 익숙하지 않은 몇몇 사람들에게 문제가 될 수도 있다. + 언어의 훌륭한 구사는 메일링 리스트에서 올바르게 자신의 생각을 +표현하기 위하여 필요하다. 그래서 여러분은 이메일을 보내기 전에 +영어를 올바르게 사용하고 있는지를 체크하는 것이 바람직하다. + + +여러분의 변경을 나누어라 +------------------------ + +리눅스 커널 커뮤니티는 한꺼번에 굉장히 큰 코드의 묶음을 쉽게 +받아들이지 않는다. 변경은 적절하게 소개되고, 검토되고, 각각의 +부분으로 작게 나누어져야 한다. 이것은 회사에서 하는 것과는 정확히 +반대되는 것이다. 여러분들의 제안은 개발 초기에 일찍이 소개되야 한다. +그래서 여러분들은 자신이 하고 있는 것에 관하여 피드백을 받을 수 있게 +된다. 커뮤니티가 여러분들이 커뮤니티와 함께 일하고 있다는 것을 +느끼도록 만들고 커뮤니티가 여러분의 기능을 위한 쓰레기 장으로서 +사용되지 않고 있다는 것을 느끼게 하자. 그러나 메일링 리스트에 한번에 +50개의 이메일을 보내지는 말아라. 여러분들의 일련의 패치들은 항상 +더 작아야 한다. + +패치를 나누는 이유는 다음과 같다. + +1) 작은 패치들은 여러분의 패치들이 적용될 수 있는 확률을 높여준다. + 왜냐하면 다른 사람들은 정확성을 검증하기 위하여 많은 시간과 노력을 + 들이기를 원하지 않는다. 5줄의 패치는 메인트너가 거의 몇 초간 힐끗 + 보면 적용될 수 있다. 그러나 500 줄의 패치는 정확성을 검토하기 위하여 + 몇시간이 걸릴 수도 있다(걸리는 시간은 패치의 크기 혹은 다른 것에 + 비례하여 기하급수적으로 늘어난다). + + 패치를 작게 만드는 것은 무엇인가 잘못되었을 때 디버그하는 것을 + 쉽게 만든다. 즉, 그렇게 만드는 것은 매우 큰 패치를 적용한 후에 + 조사하는 것 보다 작은 패치를 적용한 후에 (그리고 몇몇의 것이 + 깨졌을 때) 하나씩 패치들을 제거해가며 디버그 하기 쉽도록 만들어 준다. + +2) 작은 패치들을 보내는 것뿐만 아니라 패치들을 제출하기전에 재작성하고 + 간단하게(혹은 간단한게 재배치하여) 하는 것도 중요하다. + +여기에 커널 개발자 Al Viro의 이야기가 있다. + "학생의 수학 숙제를 채점하는 선생님을 생각해보라. 선생님은 학생들이 + 답을 얻을때까지 겪은 시행착오를 보길 원하지 않는다. 선생님들은 + 간결하고 가장 뛰어난 답을 보길 원한다. 훌륭한 학생은 이것을 알고 + 마지막으로 답을 얻기 전 중간 과정들을 제출하진 않는다. + + 커널 개발도 마찬가지이다. 메인트너들과 검토하는 사람들은 문제를 + 풀어나가는 과정속에 숨겨진 과정을 보길 원하진 않는다. 그들은 + 간결하고 멋진 답을 보길 원한다." + +커뮤니티와 함께 일하며 뛰어난 답을 찾고 여러분들의 완성되지 않은 일들 +사이에 균형을 유지해야 하는 어려움이 있을 수 있다. 그러므로 프로세스의 +초반에 여러분의 일을 향상시키기위한 피드백을 얻는 것 뿐만 아니라 +여러분들의 변경들을 작은 묶음으로 유지해서 심지어는 여러분의 작업의 +모든 부분이 지금은 포함될 준비가 되어있지 않지만 작은 부분은 이미 +받아들여질 수 있도록 유지하는 것이 바람직하다. + +또한 완성되지 않았고 "나중에 수정될 것이다." 와 같은 것들은 포함하는 +패치들은 받아들여지지 않을 것이라는 점을 유념하라. + +변경을 정당화해라 +----------------- + +여러분들의 나누어진 패치들을 리눅스 커뮤니티가 왜 반영해야 하는지를 +알도록 하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 새로운 기능들이 필요하고 유용하다는 +것은 반드시 그에 맞는 이유가 있어야 한다. + + +변경을 문서화해라 +----------------- + +여러분이 패치를 보내려 할때는 여러분이 무엇을 말하려고 하는지를 충분히 +생각하여 이메일을 작성해야 한다. 이 정보는 패치를 위한 ChangeLog가 될 +것이다. 그리고 항상 그 내용을 보길 원하는 모든 사람들을 위해 보존될 +것이다. 패치는 완벽하게 다음과 같은 내용들을 포함하여 설명해야 한다. + - 변경이 왜 필요한지 + - 패치에 관한 전체 설계 어프로치 + - 구현 상세들 + - 테스트 결과들 + +이것이 무엇인지 더 자세한 것을 알고 싶다면 다음 문서의 ChageLog 항을 봐라. + "The Perfect Patch" + http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/tpp.txt + + + + +이 모든 것을 하는 것은 매우 어려운 일이다. 완벽히 소화하는 데는 적어도 몇년이 +걸릴 수도 있다. 많은 인내와 결의가 필요한 계속되는 개선의 과정이다. 그러나 +가능한한 포기하지 말라. 많은 사람들은 이전부터 해왔던 것이고 그 사람들도 +정확하게 여러분들이 지금 서 있는 그 곳부터 시작했었다. + + + + +---------- +"개발 프로세스"(http://linux.tar.gz/articles/2.6-development_process) 섹션을 +작성하는데 있어 참고할 문서를 사용하도록 허락해준 Paolo Ciarrocchi에게 +감사한다. 여러분들이 말해야 할 것과 말해서는 안되는 것의 목록 중 일부를 제공해준 +Randy Dunlap과 Gerrit Huizenga에게 감사한다. 또한 검토와 의견 그리고 +공헌을 아끼지 않은 Pat Mochel, Hanna Linder, Randy Dunlap, Kay Sievers, +Vojtech Pavlik, Jan Kara, Josh Boyer, Kees Cook, Andrew Morton, Andi Kleen, +Vadim Lobanov, Jesper Juhl, Adrian Bunk, Keri Harris, Frans Pop, +David A. Wheeler, Junio Hamano, Michael Kerrisk, and Alex Shepard에게도 감사를 전한다. +그들의 도움이 없었다면 이 문서는 존재하지 않았을 것이다. + + + +메인트너: Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg@kroah.com> diff --git a/Documentation/lguest/lguest.c b/Documentation/lguest/lguest.c index f7918401a00..73c5f1f3d5d 100644 --- a/Documentation/lguest/lguest.c +++ b/Documentation/lguest/lguest.c @@ -882,7 +882,7 @@ static u32 handle_block_output(int fd, const struct iovec *iov, * of the block file (possibly extending it). */ if (off + len > device_len) { /* Trim it back to the correct length */ - ftruncate(dev->fd, device_len); + ftruncate64(dev->fd, device_len); /* Die, bad Guest, die. */ errx(1, "Write past end %llu+%u", off, len); } diff --git a/Documentation/lockstat.txt b/Documentation/lockstat.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4ba4664ce5c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/lockstat.txt @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ + +LOCK STATISTICS + +- WHAT + +As the name suggests, it provides statistics on locks. + +- WHY + +Because things like lock contention can severely impact performance. + +- HOW + +Lockdep already has hooks in the lock functions and maps lock instances to +lock classes. We build on that. The graph below shows the relation between +the lock functions and the various hooks therein. + + __acquire + | + lock _____ + | \ + | __contended + | | + | <wait> + | _______/ + |/ + | + __acquired + | + . + <hold> + . + | + __release + | + unlock + +lock, unlock - the regular lock functions +__* - the hooks +<> - states + +With these hooks we provide the following statistics: + + con-bounces - number of lock contention that involved x-cpu data + contentions - number of lock acquisitions that had to wait + wait time min - shortest (non-0) time we ever had to wait for a lock + max - longest time we ever had to wait for a lock + total - total time we spend waiting on this lock + acq-bounces - number of lock acquisitions that involved x-cpu data + acquisitions - number of times we took the lock + hold time min - shortest (non-0) time we ever held the lock + max - longest time we ever held the lock + total - total time this lock was held + +From these number various other statistics can be derived, such as: + + hold time average = hold time total / acquisitions + +These numbers are gathered per lock class, per read/write state (when +applicable). + +It also tracks 4 contention points per class. A contention point is a call site +that had to wait on lock acquisition. + + - USAGE + +Look at the current lock statistics: + +( line numbers not part of actual output, done for clarity in the explanation + below ) + +# less /proc/lock_stat + +01 lock_stat version 0.2 +02 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +03 class name con-bounces contentions waittime-min waittime-max waittime-total acq-bounces acquisitions holdtime-min holdtime-max holdtime-total +04 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +05 +06 &inode->i_data.tree_lock-W: 15 21657 0.18 1093295.30 11547131054.85 58 10415 0.16 87.51 6387.60 +07 &inode->i_data.tree_lock-R: 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 23302 231198 0.25 8.45 98023.38 +08 -------------------------- +09 &inode->i_data.tree_lock 0 [<ffffffff8027c08f>] add_to_page_cache+0x5f/0x190 +10 +11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... +12 +13 dcache_lock: 1037 1161 0.38 45.32 774.51 6611 243371 0.15 306.48 77387.24 +14 ----------- +15 dcache_lock 180 [<ffffffff802c0d7e>] sys_getcwd+0x11e/0x230 +16 dcache_lock 165 [<ffffffff802c002a>] d_alloc+0x15a/0x210 +17 dcache_lock 33 [<ffffffff8035818d>] _atomic_dec_and_lock+0x4d/0x70 +18 dcache_lock 1 [<ffffffff802beef8>] shrink_dcache_parent+0x18/0x130 + +This excerpt shows the first two lock class statistics. Line 01 shows the +output version - each time the format changes this will be updated. Line 02-04 +show the header with column descriptions. Lines 05-10 and 13-18 show the actual +statistics. These statistics come in two parts; the actual stats separated by a +short separator (line 08, 14) from the contention points. + +The first lock (05-10) is a read/write lock, and shows two lines above the +short separator. The contention points don't match the column descriptors, +they have two: contentions and [<IP>] symbol. + + +View the top contending locks: + +# grep : /proc/lock_stat | head + &inode->i_data.tree_lock-W: 15 21657 0.18 1093295.30 11547131054.85 58 10415 0.16 87.51 6387.60 + &inode->i_data.tree_lock-R: 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 23302 231198 0.25 8.45 98023.38 + dcache_lock: 1037 1161 0.38 45.32 774.51 6611 243371 0.15 306.48 77387.24 + &inode->i_mutex: 161 286 18446744073709 62882.54 1244614.55 3653 20598 18446744073709 62318.60 1693822.74 + &zone->lru_lock: 94 94 0.53 7.33 92.10 4366 32690 0.29 59.81 16350.06 + &inode->i_data.i_mmap_lock: 79 79 0.40 3.77 53.03 11779 87755 0.28 116.93 29898.44 + &q->__queue_lock: 48 50 0.52 31.62 86.31 774 13131 0.17 113.08 12277.52 + &rq->rq_lock_key: 43 47 0.74 68.50 170.63 3706 33929 0.22 107.99 17460.62 + &rq->rq_lock_key#2: 39 46 0.75 6.68 49.03 2979 32292 0.17 125.17 17137.63 + tasklist_lock-W: 15 15 1.45 10.87 32.70 1201 7390 0.58 62.55 13648.47 + +Clear the statistics: + +# echo 0 > /proc/lock_stat diff --git a/Documentation/networking/00-INDEX b/Documentation/networking/00-INDEX index d63f480afb7..153d84d281e 100644 --- a/Documentation/networking/00-INDEX +++ b/Documentation/networking/00-INDEX @@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ routing.txt - the new routing mechanism shaper.txt - info on the module that can shape/limit transmitted traffic. +sk98lin.txt + - Marvell Yukon Chipset / SysKonnect SK-98xx compliant Gigabit + Ethernet Adapter family driver info skfp.txt - SysKonnect FDDI (SK-5xxx, Compaq Netelligent) driver info. smc9.txt diff --git a/Documentation/networking/multiqueue.txt b/Documentation/networking/multiqueue.txt index 00b60cce222..ea5a42e8f79 100644 --- a/Documentation/networking/multiqueue.txt +++ b/Documentation/networking/multiqueue.txt @@ -58,9 +58,13 @@ software, so it's a straight round-robin qdisc. It uses the same syntax and classification priomap that sch_prio uses, so it should be intuitive to configure for people who've used sch_prio. -The PRIO qdisc naturally plugs into a multiqueue device. If PRIO has been -built with NET_SCH_PRIO_MQ, then upon load, it will make sure the number of -bands requested is equal to the number of queues on the hardware. If they +In order to utilitize the multiqueue features of the qdiscs, the network +device layer needs to enable multiple queue support. This can be done by +selecting NETDEVICES_MULTIQUEUE under Drivers. + +The PRIO qdisc naturally plugs into a multiqueue device. If +NETDEVICES_MULTIQUEUE is selected, then on qdisc load, the number of +bands requested is compared to the number of queues on the hardware. If they are equal, it sets a one-to-one mapping up between the queues and bands. If they're not equal, it will not load the qdisc. This is the same behavior for RR. Once the association is made, any skb that is classified will have diff --git a/Documentation/networking/sk98lin.txt b/Documentation/networking/sk98lin.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..8590a954df1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/networking/sk98lin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,568 @@ +(C)Copyright 1999-2004 Marvell(R). +All rights reserved +=========================================================================== + +sk98lin.txt created 13-Feb-2004 + +Readme File for sk98lin v6.23 +Marvell Yukon/SysKonnect SK-98xx Gigabit Ethernet Adapter family driver for LINUX + +This file contains + 1 Overview + 2 Required Files + 3 Installation + 3.1 Driver Installation + 3.2 Inclusion of adapter at system start + 4 Driver Parameters + 4.1 Per-Port Parameters + 4.2 Adapter Parameters + 5 Large Frame Support + 6 VLAN and Link Aggregation Support (IEEE 802.1, 802.1q, 802.3ad) + 7 Troubleshooting + +=========================================================================== + + +1 Overview +=========== + +The sk98lin driver supports the Marvell Yukon and SysKonnect +SK-98xx/SK-95xx compliant Gigabit Ethernet Adapter on Linux. It has +been tested with Linux on Intel/x86 machines. +*** + + +2 Required Files +================= + +The linux kernel source. +No additional files required. +*** + + +3 Installation +=============== + +It is recommended to download the latest version of the driver from the +SysKonnect web site www.syskonnect.com. If you have downloaded the latest +driver, the Linux kernel has to be patched before the driver can be +installed. For details on how to patch a Linux kernel, refer to the +patch.txt file. + +3.1 Driver Installation +------------------------ + +The following steps describe the actions that are required to install +the driver and to start it manually. These steps should be carried +out for the initial driver setup. Once confirmed to be ok, they can +be included in the system start. + +NOTE 1: To perform the following tasks you need 'root' access. + +NOTE 2: In case of problems, please read the section "Troubleshooting" + below. + +The driver can either be integrated into the kernel or it can be compiled +as a module. Select the appropriate option during the kernel +configuration. + +Compile/use the driver as a module +---------------------------------- +To compile the driver, go to the directory /usr/src/linux and +execute the command "make menuconfig" or "make xconfig" and proceed as +follows: + +To integrate the driver permanently into the kernel, proceed as follows: + +1. Select the menu "Network device support" and then "Ethernet(1000Mbit)" +2. Mark "Marvell Yukon Chipset / SysKonnect SK-98xx family support" + with (*) +3. Build a new kernel when the configuration of the above options is + finished. +4. Install the new kernel. +5. Reboot your system. + +To use the driver as a module, proceed as follows: + +1. Enable 'loadable module support' in the kernel. +2. For automatic driver start, enable the 'Kernel module loader'. +3. Select the menu "Network device support" and then "Ethernet(1000Mbit)" +4. Mark "Marvell Yukon Chipset / SysKonnect SK-98xx family support" + with (M) +5. Execute the command "make modules". +6. Execute the command "make modules_install". + The appropriate modules will be installed. +7. Reboot your system. + + +Load the module manually +------------------------ +To load the module manually, proceed as follows: + +1. Enter "modprobe sk98lin". +2. If a Marvell Yukon or SysKonnect SK-98xx adapter is installed in + your computer and you have a /proc file system, execute the command: + "ls /proc/net/sk98lin/" + This should produce an output containing a line with the following + format: + eth0 eth1 ... + which indicates that your adapter has been found and initialized. + + NOTE 1: If you have more than one Marvell Yukon or SysKonnect SK-98xx + adapter installed, the adapters will be listed as 'eth0', + 'eth1', 'eth2', etc. + For each adapter, repeat steps 3 and 4 below. + + NOTE 2: If you have other Ethernet adapters installed, your Marvell + Yukon or SysKonnect SK-98xx adapter will be mapped to the + next available number, e.g. 'eth1'. The mapping is executed + automatically. + The module installation message (displayed either in a system + log file or on the console) prints a line for each adapter + found containing the corresponding 'ethX'. + +3. Select an IP address and assign it to the respective adapter by + entering: + ifconfig eth0 <ip-address> + With this command, the adapter is connected to the Ethernet. + + SK-98xx Gigabit Ethernet Server Adapters: The yellow LED on the adapter + is now active, the link status LED of the primary port is active and + the link status LED of the secondary port (on dual port adapters) is + blinking (if the ports are connected to a switch or hub). + SK-98xx V2.0 Gigabit Ethernet Adapters: The link status LED is active. + In addition, you will receive a status message on the console stating + "ethX: network connection up using port Y" and showing the selected + connection parameters (x stands for the ethernet device number + (0,1,2, etc), y stands for the port name (A or B)). + + NOTE: If you are in doubt about IP addresses, ask your network + administrator for assistance. + +4. Your adapter should now be fully operational. + Use 'ping <otherstation>' to verify the connection to other computers + on your network. +5. To check the adapter configuration view /proc/net/sk98lin/[devicename]. + For example by executing: + "cat /proc/net/sk98lin/eth0" + +Unload the module +----------------- +To stop and unload the driver modules, proceed as follows: + +1. Execute the command "ifconfig eth0 down". +2. Execute the command "rmmod sk98lin". + +3.2 Inclusion of adapter at system start +----------------------------------------- + +Since a large number of different Linux distributions are +available, we are unable to describe a general installation procedure +for the driver module. +Because the driver is now integrated in the kernel, installation should +be easy, using the standard mechanism of your distribution. +Refer to the distribution's manual for installation of ethernet adapters. + +*** + +4 Driver Parameters +==================== + +Parameters can be set at the command line after the module has been +loaded with the command 'modprobe'. +In some distributions, the configuration tools are able to pass parameters +to the driver module. + +If you use the kernel module loader, you can set driver parameters +in the file /etc/modprobe.conf (or /etc/modules.conf in 2.4 or earlier). +To set the driver parameters in this file, proceed as follows: + +1. Insert a line of the form : + options sk98lin ... + For "...", the same syntax is required as described for the command + line parameters of modprobe below. +2. To activate the new parameters, either reboot your computer + or + unload and reload the driver. + The syntax of the driver parameters is: + + modprobe sk98lin parameter=value1[,value2[,value3...]] + + where value1 refers to the first adapter, value2 to the second etc. + +NOTE: All parameters are case sensitive. Write them exactly as shown + below. + +Example: +Suppose you have two adapters. You want to set auto-negotiation +on the first adapter to ON and on the second adapter to OFF. +You also want to set DuplexCapabilities on the first adapter +to FULL, and on the second adapter to HALF. +Then, you must enter: + + modprobe sk98lin AutoNeg_A=On,Off DupCap_A=Full,Half + +NOTE: The number of adapters that can be configured this way is + limited in the driver (file skge.c, constant SK_MAX_CARD_PARAM). + The current limit is 16. If you happen to install + more adapters, adjust this and recompile. + + +4.1 Per-Port Parameters +------------------------ + +These settings are available for each port on the adapter. +In the following description, '?' stands for the port for +which you set the parameter (A or B). + +Speed +----- +Parameter: Speed_? +Values: 10, 100, 1000, Auto +Default: Auto + +This parameter is used to set the speed capabilities. It is only valid +for the SK-98xx V2.0 copper adapters. +Usually, the speed is negotiated between the two ports during link +establishment. If this fails, a port can be forced to a specific setting +with this parameter. + +Auto-Negotiation +---------------- +Parameter: AutoNeg_? +Values: On, Off, Sense +Default: On + +The "Sense"-mode automatically detects whether the link partner supports +auto-negotiation or not. + +Duplex Capabilities +------------------- +Parameter: DupCap_? +Values: Half, Full, Both +Default: Both + +This parameters is only relevant if auto-negotiation for this port is +not set to "Sense". If auto-negotiation is set to "On", all three values +are possible. If it is set to "Off", only "Full" and "Half" are allowed. +This parameter is useful if your link partner does not support all +possible combinations. + +Flow Control +------------ +Parameter: FlowCtrl_? +Values: Sym, SymOrRem, LocSend, None +Default: SymOrRem + +This parameter can be used to set the flow control capabilities the +port reports during auto-negotiation. It can be set for each port +individually. +Possible modes: + -- Sym = Symmetric: both link partners are allowed to send + PAUSE frames + -- SymOrRem = SymmetricOrRemote: both or only remote partner + are allowed to send PAUSE frames + -- LocSend = LocalSend: only local link partner is allowed + to send PAUSE frames + -- None = no link partner is allowed to send PAUSE frames + +NOTE: This parameter is ignored if auto-negotiation is set to "Off". + +Role in Master-Slave-Negotiation (1000Base-T only) +-------------------------------------------------- +Parameter: Role_? +Values: Auto, Master, Slave +Default: Auto + +This parameter is only valid for the SK-9821 and SK-9822 adapters. +For two 1000Base-T ports to communicate, one must take the role of the +master (providing timing information), while the other must be the +slave. Usually, this is negotiated between the two ports during link +establishment. If this fails, a port can be forced to a specific setting +with this parameter. + + +4.2 Adapter Parameters +----------------------- + +Connection Type (SK-98xx V2.0 copper adapters only) +--------------- +Parameter: ConType +Values: Auto, 100FD, 100HD, 10FD, 10HD +Default: Auto + +The parameter 'ConType' is a combination of all five per-port parameters +within one single parameter. This simplifies the configuration of both ports +of an adapter card! The different values of this variable reflect the most +meaningful combinations of port parameters. + +The following table shows the values of 'ConType' and the corresponding +combinations of the per-port parameters: + + ConType | DupCap AutoNeg FlowCtrl Role Speed + ----------+------------------------------------------------------ + Auto | Both On SymOrRem Auto Auto + 100FD | Full Off None Auto (ignored) 100 + 100HD | Half Off None Auto (ignored) 100 + 10FD | Full Off None Auto (ignored) 10 + 10HD | Half Off None Auto (ignored) 10 + +Stating any other port parameter together with this 'ConType' variable +will result in a merged configuration of those settings. This due to +the fact, that the per-port parameters (e.g. Speed_? ) have a higher +priority than the combined variable 'ConType'. + +NOTE: This parameter is always used on both ports of the adapter card. + +Interrupt Moderation +-------------------- +Parameter: Moderation +Values: None, Static, Dynamic +Default: None + +Interrupt moderation is employed to limit the maximum number of interrupts +the driver has to serve. That is, one or more interrupts (which indicate any +transmit or receive packet to be processed) are queued until the driver +processes them. When queued interrupts are to be served, is determined by the +'IntsPerSec' parameter, which is explained later below. + +Possible modes: + + -- None - No interrupt moderation is applied on the adapter card. + Therefore, each transmit or receive interrupt is served immediately + as soon as it appears on the interrupt line of the adapter card. + + -- Static - Interrupt moderation is applied on the adapter card. + All transmit and receive interrupts are queued until a complete + moderation interval ends. If such a moderation interval ends, all + queued interrupts are processed in one big bunch without any delay. + The term 'static' reflects the fact, that interrupt moderation is + always enabled, regardless how much network load is currently + passing via a particular interface. In addition, the duration of + the moderation interval has a fixed length that never changes while + the driver is operational. + + -- Dynamic - Interrupt moderation might be applied on the adapter card, + depending on the load of the system. If the driver detects that the + system load is too high, the driver tries to shield the system against + too much network load by enabling interrupt moderation. If - at a later + time - the CPU utilization decreases again (or if the network load is + negligible) the interrupt moderation will automatically be disabled. + +Interrupt moderation should be used when the driver has to handle one or more +interfaces with a high network load, which - as a consequence - leads also to a +high CPU utilization. When moderation is applied in such high network load +situations, CPU load might be reduced by 20-30%. + +NOTE: The drawback of using interrupt moderation is an increase of the round- +trip-time (RTT), due to the queueing and serving of interrupts at dedicated +moderation times. + +Interrupts per second +--------------------- +Parameter: IntsPerSec +Values: 30...40000 (interrupts per second) +Default: 2000 + +This parameter is only used if either static or dynamic interrupt moderation +is used on a network adapter card. Using this parameter if no moderation is +applied will lead to no action performed. + +This parameter determines the length of any interrupt moderation interval. +Assuming that static interrupt moderation is to be used, an 'IntsPerSec' +parameter value of 2000 will lead to an interrupt moderation interval of +500 microseconds. + +NOTE: The duration of the moderation interval is to be chosen with care. +At first glance, selecting a very long duration (e.g. only 100 interrupts per +second) seems to be meaningful, but the increase of packet-processing delay +is tremendous. On the other hand, selecting a very short moderation time might +compensate the use of any moderation being applied. + + +Preferred Port +-------------- +Parameter: PrefPort +Values: A, B +Default: A + +This is used to force the preferred port to A or B (on dual-port network +adapters). The preferred port is the one that is used if both are detected +as fully functional. + +RLMT Mode (Redundant Link Management Technology) +------------------------------------------------ +Parameter: RlmtMode +Values: CheckLinkState,CheckLocalPort, CheckSeg, DualNet +Default: CheckLinkState + +RLMT monitors the status of the port. If the link of the active port +fails, RLMT switches immediately to the standby link. The virtual link is +maintained as long as at least one 'physical' link is up. + +Possible modes: + + -- CheckLinkState - Check link state only: RLMT uses the link state + reported by the adapter hardware for each individual port to + determine whether a port can be used for all network traffic or + not. + + -- CheckLocalPort - In this mode, RLMT monitors the network path + between the two ports of an adapter by regularly exchanging packets + between them. This mode requires a network configuration in which + the two ports are able to "see" each other (i.e. there must not be + any router between the ports). + + -- CheckSeg - Check local port and segmentation: This mode supports the + same functions as the CheckLocalPort mode and additionally checks + network segmentation between the ports. Therefore, this mode is only + to be used if Gigabit Ethernet switches are installed on the network + that have been configured to use the Spanning Tree protocol. + + -- DualNet - In this mode, ports A and B are used as separate devices. + If you have a dual port adapter, port A will be configured as eth0 + and port B as eth1. Both ports can be used independently with + distinct IP addresses. The preferred port setting is not used. + RLMT is turned off. + +NOTE: RLMT modes CLP and CLPSS are designed to operate in configurations + where a network path between the ports on one adapter exists. + Moreover, they are not designed to work where adapters are connected + back-to-back. +*** + + +5 Large Frame Support +====================== + +The driver supports large frames (also called jumbo frames). Using large +frames can result in an improved throughput if transferring large amounts +of data. +To enable large frames, set the MTU (maximum transfer unit) of the +interface to the desired value (up to 9000), execute the following +command: + ifconfig eth0 mtu 9000 +This will only work if you have two adapters connected back-to-back +or if you use a switch that supports large frames. When using a switch, +it should be configured to allow large frames and auto-negotiation should +be set to OFF. The setting must be configured on all adapters that can be +reached by the large frames. If one adapter is not set to receive large +frames, it will simply drop them. + +You can switch back to the standard ethernet frame size by executing the +following command: + ifconfig eth0 mtu 1500 + +To permanently configure this setting, add a script with the 'ifconfig' +line to the system startup sequence (named something like "S99sk98lin" +in /etc/rc.d/rc2.d). +*** + + +6 VLAN and Link Aggregation Support (IEEE 802.1, 802.1q, 802.3ad) +================================================================== + +The Marvell Yukon/SysKonnect Linux drivers are able to support VLAN and +Link Aggregation according to IEEE standards 802.1, 802.1q, and 802.3ad. +These features are only available after installation of open source +modules available on the Internet: +For VLAN go to: http://www.candelatech.com/~greear/vlan.html +For Link Aggregation go to: http://www.st.rim.or.jp/~yumo + +NOTE: SysKonnect GmbH does not offer any support for these open source + modules and does not take the responsibility for any kind of + failures or problems arising in connection with these modules. + +NOTE: Configuring Link Aggregation on a SysKonnect dual link adapter may + cause problems when unloading the driver. + + +7 Troubleshooting +================== + +If any problems occur during the installation process, check the +following list: + + +Problem: The SK-98xx adapter cannot be found by the driver. +Solution: In /proc/pci search for the following entry: + 'Ethernet controller: SysKonnect SK-98xx ...' + If this entry exists, the SK-98xx or SK-98xx V2.0 adapter has + been found by the system and should be operational. + If this entry does not exist or if the file '/proc/pci' is not + found, there may be a hardware problem or the PCI support may + not be enabled in your kernel. + The adapter can be checked using the diagnostics program which + is available on the SysKonnect web site: + www.syskonnect.com + + Some COMPAQ machines have problems dealing with PCI under Linux. + This problem is described in the 'PCI howto' document + (included in some distributions or available from the + web, e.g. at 'www.linux.org'). + + +Problem: Programs such as 'ifconfig' or 'route' cannot be found or the + error message 'Operation not permitted' is displayed. +Reason: You are not logged in as user 'root'. +Solution: Logout and login as 'root' or change to 'root' via 'su'. + + +Problem: Upon use of the command 'ping <address>' the message + "ping: sendto: Network is unreachable" is displayed. +Reason: Your route is not set correctly. +Solution: If you are using RedHat, you probably forgot to set up the + route in the 'network configuration'. + Check the existing routes with the 'route' command and check + if an entry for 'eth0' exists, and if so, if it is set correctly. + + +Problem: The driver can be started, the adapter is connected to the + network, but you cannot receive or transmit any packets; + e.g. 'ping' does not work. +Reason: There is an incorrect route in your routing table. +Solution: Check the routing table with the command 'route' and read the + manual help pages dealing with routes (enter 'man route'). + +NOTE: Although the 2.2.x kernel versions generate the routing entry + automatically, problems of this kind may occur here as well. We've + come across a situation in which the driver started correctly at + system start, but after the driver has been removed and reloaded, + the route of the adapter's network pointed to the 'dummy0'device + and had to be corrected manually. + + +Problem: Your computer should act as a router between multiple + IP subnetworks (using multiple adapters), but computers in + other subnetworks cannot be reached. +Reason: Either the router's kernel is not configured for IP forwarding + or the routing table and gateway configuration of at least one + computer is not working. + +Problem: Upon driver start, the following error message is displayed: + "eth0: -- ERROR -- + Class: internal Software error + Nr: 0xcc + Msg: SkGeInitPort() cannot init running ports" +Reason: You are using a driver compiled for single processor machines + on a multiprocessor machine with SMP (Symmetric MultiProcessor) + kernel. +Solution: Configure your kernel appropriately and recompile the kernel or + the modules. + + + +If your problem is not listed here, please contact SysKonnect's technical +support for help (linux@syskonnect.de). +When contacting our technical support, please ensure that the following +information is available: +- System Manufacturer and HW Informations (CPU, Memory... ) +- PCI-Boards in your system +- Distribution +- Kernel version +- Driver version +*** + + + +***End of Readme File*** diff --git a/Documentation/sysrq.txt b/Documentation/sysrq.txt index ef19142896c..10c8f6922ef 100644 --- a/Documentation/sysrq.txt +++ b/Documentation/sysrq.txt @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ On x86 - You press the key combo 'ALT-SysRq-<command key>'. Note - Some keyboards may not have a key labeled 'SysRq'. The 'SysRq' key is also known as the 'Print Screen' key. Also some keyboards cannot handle so many keys being pressed at the same time, so you might - have better luck with "press Alt", "press SysRq", "release Alt", + have better luck with "press Alt", "press SysRq", "release SysRq", "press <command key>", release everything. On SPARC - You press 'ALT-STOP-<command key>', I believe. diff --git a/Documentation/thinkpad-acpi.txt b/Documentation/thinkpad-acpi.txt index eb2f5986e1e..60953d6c919 100644 --- a/Documentation/thinkpad-acpi.txt +++ b/Documentation/thinkpad-acpi.txt @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ ThinkPad ACPI Extras Driver - Version 0.15 - July 1st, 2007 + Version 0.16 + August 2nd, 2007 Borislav Deianov <borislav@users.sf.net> Henrique de Moraes Holschuh <hmh@hmh.eng.br> @@ -161,20 +161,22 @@ system. Enabling the hotkey functionality of thinkpad-acpi signals the firmware that such a driver is present, and modifies how the ThinkPad firmware will behave in many situations. +The driver enables the hot key feature automatically when loaded. The +feature can later be disabled and enabled back at runtime. The driver +will also restore the hot key feature to its previous state and mask +when it is unloaded. + When the hotkey feature is enabled and the hot key mask is set (see -below), the various hot keys either generate ACPI events in the -following format: +below), the driver will report HKEY events in the following format: ibm/hotkey HKEY 00000080 0000xxxx -or events over the input layer. The input layer support accepts the -standard IOCTLs to remap the keycodes assigned to each hotkey. +Some of these events refer to hot key presses, but not all. -When the input device is open, the driver will suppress any ACPI hot key -events that get translated into a meaningful input layer event, in order -to avoid sending duplicate events to userspace. Hot keys that are -mapped to KEY_RESERVED in the keymap are not translated, and will always -generate an ACPI ibm/hotkey HKEY event, and no input layer events. +The driver will generate events over the input layer for hot keys and +radio switches, and over the ACPI netlink layer for other events. The +input layer support accepts the standard IOCTLs to remap the keycodes +assigned to each hot key. The hot key bit mask allows some control over which hot keys generate events. If a key is "masked" (bit set to 0 in the mask), the firmware @@ -256,6 +258,20 @@ sysfs notes: disabled" postition, and 1 if the switch is in the "radios enabled" position. + hotkey_report_mode: + Returns the state of the procfs ACPI event report mode + filter for hot keys. If it is set to 1 (the default), + all hot key presses are reported both through the input + layer and also as ACPI events through procfs (but not + through netlink). If it is set to 2, hot key presses + are reported only through the input layer. + + This attribute is read-only in kernels 2.6.23 or later, + and read-write on earlier kernels. + + May return -EPERM (write access locked out by module + parameter) or -EACCES (read-only). + input layer notes: A Hot key is mapped to a single input layer EV_KEY event, possibly @@ -393,21 +409,63 @@ unknown by the driver if the ThinkPad firmware triggered these events on hot key press or release, but the firmware will do it for either one, not both. -If a key is mapped to KEY_RESERVED, it generates no input events at all, -and it may generate a legacy thinkpad-acpi ACPI hotkey event. - +If a key is mapped to KEY_RESERVED, it generates no input events at all. If a key is mapped to KEY_UNKNOWN, it generates an input event that -includes an scan code, and it may also generate a legacy thinkpad-acpi -ACPI hotkey event. - -If a key is mapped to anything else, it will only generate legacy -thinkpad-acpi ACPI hotkey events if nobody has opened the input device. +includes an scan code. If a key is mapped to anything else, it will +generate input device EV_KEY events. Non hot-key ACPI HKEY event map: 0x5001 Lid closed 0x5002 Lid opened 0x7000 Radio Switch may have changed state +The above events are not propagated by the driver, except for legacy +compatibility purposes when hotkey_report_mode is set to 1. + +Compatibility notes: + +ibm-acpi and thinkpad-acpi 0.15 (mainline kernels before 2.6.23) never +supported the input layer, and sent events over the procfs ACPI event +interface. + +To avoid sending duplicate events over the input layer and the ACPI +event interface, thinkpad-acpi 0.16 implements a module parameter +(hotkey_report_mode), and also a sysfs device attribute with the same +name. + +Make no mistake here: userspace is expected to switch to using the input +layer interface of thinkpad-acpi, together with the ACPI netlink event +interface in kernels 2.6.23 and later, or with the ACPI procfs event +interface in kernels 2.6.22 and earlier. + +If no hotkey_report_mode module parameter is specified (or it is set to +zero), the driver defaults to mode 1 (see below), and on kernels 2.6.22 +and earlier, also allows one to change the hotkey_report_mode through +sysfs. In kernels 2.6.23 and later, where the netlink ACPI event +interface is available, hotkey_report_mode cannot be changed through +sysfs (it is read-only). + +If the hotkey_report_mode module parameter is set to 1 or 2, it cannot +be changed later through sysfs (any writes will return -EPERM to signal +that hotkey_report_mode was locked. On 2.6.23 and later, where +hotkey_report_mode cannot be changed at all, writes will return -EACES). + +hotkey_report_mode set to 1 makes the driver export through the procfs +ACPI event interface all hot key presses (which are *also* sent to the +input layer). This is a legacy compatibility behaviour, and it is also +the default mode of operation for the driver. + +hotkey_report_mode set to 2 makes the driver filter out the hot key +presses from the procfs ACPI event interface, so these events will only +be sent through the input layer. Userspace that has been updated to use +the thinkpad-acpi input layer interface should set hotkey_report_mode to +2. + +Hot key press events are never sent to the ACPI netlink event interface. +Really up-to-date userspace under kernel 2.6.23 and later is to use the +netlink interface and the input layer interface, and don't bother at all +with hotkey_report_mode. + Bluetooth --------- diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/cx2341x/fw-encoder-api.txt b/Documentation/video4linux/cx2341x/fw-encoder-api.txt index 5dd3109a8b3..5a27af2ee1c 100644 --- a/Documentation/video4linux/cx2341x/fw-encoder-api.txt +++ b/Documentation/video4linux/cx2341x/fw-encoder-api.txt @@ -407,8 +407,10 @@ Description u32 length; // Length of this frame u32 offset_low; // Offset in the file of the u32 offset_high; // start of this frame - u32 mask1; // Bits 0-1 are the type mask: + u32 mask1; // Bits 0-2 are the type mask: // 1=I, 2=P, 4=B + // 0=End of Program Index, other fields + // are invalid. u32 pts; // The PTS of the frame u32 mask2; // Bit 0 is bit 32 of the pts. }; |