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2009-03-24GFS2: Merge lock_dlm module into GFS2Steven Whitehouse
This is the big patch that I've been working on for some time now. There are many reasons for wanting to make this change such as: o Reducing overhead by eliminating duplicated fields between structures o Simplifcation of the code (reduces the code size by a fair bit) o The locking interface is now the DLM interface itself as proposed some time ago. o Fewer lookups of glocks when processing replies from the DLM o Fewer memory allocations/deallocations for each glock o Scope to do further optimisations in the future (but this patch is more than big enough for now!) Please note that (a) this patch relates to the lock_dlm module and not the DLM itself, that is still a separate module; and (b) that we retain the ability to build GFS2 as a standalone single node filesystem with out requiring the DLM. This patch needs a lot of testing, hence my keeping it I restarted my -git tree after the last merge window. That way, this has the maximum exposure before its merged. This is (modulo a few minor bug fixes) the same patch that I've been posting on and off the the last three months and its passed a number of different tests so far. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2009-03-24GFS2: change gfs2_quota_scan into a shrinkerAbhijith Das
Deallocation of gfs2_quota_data objects now happens on-demand through a shrinker instead of routinely deallocating through the quotad daemon. Signed-off-by: Abhijith Das <adas@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2009-01-05GFS2: Kill two daemons with one patchSteven Whitehouse
This patch removes the two daemons, gfs2_scand and gfs2_glockd and replaces them with a shrinker which is called from the VM. The net result is that GFS2 responds better when there is memory pressure, since it shrinks the glock cache at the same rate as the VFS shrinks the dcache and icache. There are no longer any time based criteria for shrinking glocks, they are kept until such time as the VM asks for more memory and then we demote just as many glocks as required. There are potential future changes to this code, including the possibility of sorting the glocks which are to be written back into inode number order, to get a better I/O ordering. It would be very useful to have an elevator based workqueue implementation for this, as that would automatically deal with the read I/O cases at the same time. This patch is my answer to Andrew Morton's remark, made during the initial review of GFS2, asking why GFS2 needs so many kernel threads, the answer being that it doesn't :-) This patch is a net loss of about 200 lines of code. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2009-01-05GFS2: Fix "truncate in progress" hangSteven Whitehouse
Following on from the recent clean up of gfs2_quotad, this patch moves the processing of "truncate in progress" inodes from the glock workqueue into gfs2_quotad. This fixes a hang due to the "truncate in progress" processing requiring glocks in order to complete. It might seem odd to use gfs2_quotad for this particular item, but we have to use a pre-existing thread since creating a thread implies a GFP_KERNEL memory allocation which is not allowed from the glock workqueue context. Of the existing threads, gfs2_logd and gfs2_recoverd may deadlock if used for this operation. gfs2_scand and gfs2_glockd are both scheduled for removal at some (hopefully not too distant) future point. That leaves only gfs2_quotad whose workload is generally fairly light and is easily adapted for this extra task. Also, as a result of this change, it opens the way for a future patch to make the reading of the inode's information asynchronous with respect to the glock workqueue, which is another improvement that has been on the list for some time now. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2009-01-05GFS2: Clean up & move gfs2_quotadSteven Whitehouse
This patch is a clean up of gfs2_quotad prior to giving it an extra job to do in addition to the current portfolio of updating the quota and statfs information from time to time. As a result it has been moved into quota.c allowing one of the functions it calls to be made static. Also the clean up allows the two existing functions to have separate timeouts and also to coexist with its future role of dealing with the "truncate in progress" inode flag. The (pointless) setting of gfs2_quotad_secs is removed since we arrange to only wake up quotad when one of the two timers expires. In addition the struct gfs2_quota_data is moved into a slab cache, mainly for easier debugging. It should also be possible to use a shrinker in the future, rather than the current scheme of scanning the quota data entries from time to time. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2009-01-05GFS2: Rationalise header filesSteven Whitehouse
Move the contents of some headers which contained very little into more sensible places, and remove the original header files. This should make it easier to find things. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2008-07-26SL*B: drop kmem cache argument from constructorAlexey Dobriyan
Kmem cache passed to constructor is only needed for constructors that are themselves multiplexeres. Nobody uses this "feature", nor does anybody uses passed kmem cache in non-trivial way, so pass only pointer to object. Non-trivial places are: arch/powerpc/mm/init_64.c arch/powerpc/mm/hugetlbpage.c This is flag day, yes. Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi> Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Jon Tollefson <kniht@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au> Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com> [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix arch/powerpc/mm/hugetlbpage.c] [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix mm/slab.c] [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix ubifs] Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-06-27[GFS2] Clean up the glock coreSteven Whitehouse
This patch implements a number of cleanups to the core of the GFS2 glock code. As a result a lot of code is removed. It looks like a really big change, but actually a large part of this patch is either removing or moving existing code. There are some new bits too though, such as the new run_queue() function which is considerably streamlined. Highlights of this patch include: o Fixes a cluster coherency bug during SH -> EX lock conversions o Removes the "glmutex" code in favour of a single bit lock o Removes the ->go_xmote_bh() for inodes since it was duplicating ->go_lock() o We now only use the ->lm_lock() function for both locks and unlocks (i.e. unlock is a lock with target mode LM_ST_UNLOCKED) o The fast path is considerably shortly, giving performance gains especially with lock_nolock o The glock_workqueue is now used for all the callbacks from the DLM which allows us to simplify the lock_dlm module (see following patch) o The way is now open to make further changes such as eliminating the two threads (gfs2_glockd and gfs2_scand) in favour of a more efficient scheme. This patch has undergone extensive testing with various test suites so it should be pretty stable by now. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com> Cc: Bob Peterson <rpeterso@redhat.com>
2008-03-31[GFS2] Allocate gfs2_rgrpd from slab memoryBob Peterson
This patch moves the gfs2_rgrpd structure to its own slab memory. This makes it easier to control and monitor, and yields less memory fragmentation. Signed-off-by: Bob Peterson <rpeterso@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2008-01-25[GFS2] Remove unneeded i_spinBob Peterson
This patch removes a vestigial variable "i_spin" from the gfs2_inode structure. This not only saves us memory (>300000 of these in memory for the oom test) it also saves us time because we don't have to spend time initializing it (i.e. slightly better performance). Signed-off-by: Bob Peterson <rpeterso@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2008-01-25[GFS2] Reduce inode size by moving i_alloc out of lineSteven Whitehouse
It is possible to reduce the size of GFS2 inodes by taking the i_alloc structure out of the gfs2_inode. This patch allocates the i_alloc structure whenever its needed, and frees it afterward. This decreases the amount of low memory we use at the expense of requiring a memory allocation for each page or partial page that we write. A quick test with postmark shows that the overhead is not measurable and I also note that OCFS2 use the same approach. In the future I'd like to solve the problem by shrinking down the size of the members of the i_alloc structure, but for now, this reduces the immediate problem of using too much low-memory on x86 and doesn't add too much overhead. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2008-01-25[GFS2] Remove useless i_cache from inodesSteven Whitehouse
The i_cache was designed to keep references to the indirect blocks used during block mapping so that they didn't have to be looked up continually. The idea failed because there are too many places where the i_cache needs to be freed, and this has in the past been the cause of many bugs. In addition there was no performance benefit being gained since the disk blocks in question were cached anyway. So this patch removes it in order to simplify the code to prepare for other changes which would otherwise have had to add further support for this feature. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2007-10-17Slab API: remove useless ctor parameter and reorder parametersChristoph Lameter
Slab constructors currently have a flags parameter that is never used. And the order of the arguments is opposite to other slab functions. The object pointer is placed before the kmem_cache pointer. Convert ctor(void *object, struct kmem_cache *s, unsigned long flags) to ctor(struct kmem_cache *s, void *object) throughout the kernel [akpm@linux-foundation.org: coupla fixes] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-10-10[GFS2] Reduce number of gfs2_scand processes to oneSteven Whitehouse
We only need a single gfs2_scand process rather than the one per filesystem which we had previously. As a result the parameter determining the frequency of gfs2_scand runs becomes a module parameter rather than a mount parameter as it was before. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2007-07-20mm: Remove slab destructors from kmem_cache_create().Paul Mundt
Slab destructors were no longer supported after Christoph's c59def9f222d44bb7e2f0a559f2906191a0862d7 change. They've been BUGs for both slab and slub, and slob never supported them either. This rips out support for the dtor pointer from kmem_cache_create() completely and fixes up every single callsite in the kernel (there were about 224, not including the slab allocator definitions themselves, or the documentation references). Signed-off-by: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
2007-05-17Remove SLAB_CTOR_CONSTRUCTORChristoph Lameter
SLAB_CTOR_CONSTRUCTOR is always specified. No point in checking it. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com> Cc: Steven French <sfrench@us.ibm.com> Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com> Cc: OGAWA Hirofumi <hirofumi@mail.parknet.co.jp> Cc: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu> Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com> Cc: Roman Zippel <zippel@linux-m68k.org> Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org> Cc: Dave Kleikamp <shaggy@austin.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@fieldses.org> Cc: Anton Altaparmakov <aia21@cantab.net> Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com> Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Cc: Jan Kara <jack@ucw.cz> Cc: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com> Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-07Merge git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/steve/gfs2-2.6-nmwLinus Torvalds
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/steve/gfs2-2.6-nmw: (34 commits) [GFS2] Uncomment sprintf_symbol calling code [DLM] lowcomms style [GFS2] printk warning fixes [GFS2] Patch to fix mmap of stuffed files [GFS2] use lib/parser for parsing mount options [DLM] Lowcomms nodeid range & initialisation fixes [DLM] Fix dlm_lowcoms_stop hang [DLM] fix mode munging [GFS2] lockdump improvements [GFS2] Patch to detect corrupt number of dir entries in leaf and/or inode blocks [GFS2] bz 236008: Kernel gpf doing cat /debugfs/gfs2/xxx (lock dump) [DLM] fs/dlm/ast.c should #include "ast.h" [DLM] Consolidate transport protocols [DLM] Remove redundant assignment [GFS2] Fix bz 234168 (ignoring rgrp flags) [DLM] change lkid format [DLM] interface for purge (2/2) [DLM] add orphan purging code (1/2) [DLM] split create_message function [GFS2] Set drop_count to 0 (off) by default ...
2007-05-07slab allocators: Remove SLAB_DEBUG_INITIAL flagChristoph Lameter
I have never seen a use of SLAB_DEBUG_INITIAL. It is only supported by SLAB. I think its purpose was to have a callback after an object has been freed to verify that the state is the constructor state again? The callback is performed before each freeing of an object. I would think that it is much easier to check the object state manually before the free. That also places the check near the code object manipulation of the object. Also the SLAB_DEBUG_INITIAL callback is only performed if the kernel was compiled with SLAB debugging on. If there would be code in a constructor handling SLAB_DEBUG_INITIAL then it would have to be conditional on SLAB_DEBUG otherwise it would just be dead code. But there is no such code in the kernel. I think SLUB_DEBUG_INITIAL is too problematic to make real use of, difficult to understand and there are easier ways to accomplish the same effect (i.e. add debug code before kfree). There is a related flag SLAB_CTOR_VERIFY that is frequently checked to be clear in fs inode caches. Remove the pointless checks (they would even be pointless without removeal of SLAB_DEBUG_INITIAL) from the fs constructors. This is the last slab flag that SLUB did not support. Remove the check for unimplemented flags from SLUB. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-01[GFS2] Fix bz 224480 and cleanup glock demotion codeSteven Whitehouse
This patch prevents the printing of a warning message in cases where the fs is functioning normally by handing off responsibility for unlinked, but still open inodes, to another node for eventual deallocation. Also, there is now an improved system for ensuring that such requests to other nodes do not get lost. The callback on the iopen lock is only ever called when i_nlink == 0 and when a node is unable to deallocate it due to it still being in use on another node. When a node receives the callback therefore, it knows that i_nlink must be zero, so we mark it as such (in gfs2_drop_inode) in order that it will then attempt deallocation of the inode itself. As an additional benefit, queuing a demote request no longer requires a memory allocation. This simplifies the code for dealing with gfs2_holders as it removes one special case. There are two new fields in struct gfs2_glock. gl_demote_state is the state which the remote node has requested and gl_demote_time is the time when the request came in. Both fields are only valid when the GLF_DEMOTE flag is set in gl_flags. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2007-05-01[GFS2] Add gfs2_tool lockdump support to gfs2 (bz 228540)Robert Peterson
The attached patch resolves bz 228540. This adds the capability for gfs2 to dump gfs2 locks through the debugfs file system. This used to exist in gfs1 as "gfs_tool lockdump" but it's missing from gfs2 because all the ioctls were stripped out. Please see the bugzilla for more history about the fix. This patch is also attached to the bugzilla record. The patch is against Steve Whitehouse's latest nmw git tree kernel (2.6.21-rc1) and has been tested on system trin-10. Signed-off-by: Robert Peterson <rpeterso@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2007-02-14[PATCH] remove many unneeded #includes of sched.hTim Schmielau
After Al Viro (finally) succeeded in removing the sched.h #include in module.h recently, it makes sense again to remove other superfluous sched.h includes. There are quite a lot of files which include it but don't actually need anything defined in there. Presumably these includes were once needed for macros that used to live in sched.h, but moved to other header files in the course of cleaning it up. To ease the pain, this time I did not fiddle with any header files and only removed #includes from .c-files, which tend to cause less trouble. Compile tested against 2.6.20-rc2 and 2.6.20-rc2-mm2 (with offsets) on alpha, arm, i386, ia64, mips, powerpc, and x86_64 with allnoconfig, defconfig, allmodconfig, and allyesconfig as well as a few randconfigs on x86_64 and all configs in arch/arm/configs on arm. I also checked that no new warnings were introduced by the patch (actually, some warnings are removed that were emitted by unnecessarily included header files). Signed-off-by: Tim Schmielau <tim@physik3.uni-rostock.de> Acked-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2006-12-07[PATCH] slab: remove kmem_cache_tChristoph Lameter
Replace all uses of kmem_cache_t with struct kmem_cache. The patch was generated using the following script: #!/bin/sh # # Replace one string by another in all the kernel sources. # set -e for file in `find * -name "*.c" -o -name "*.h"|xargs grep -l $1`; do quilt add $file sed -e "1,\$s/$1/$2/g" $file >/tmp/$$ mv /tmp/$$ $file quilt refresh done The script was run like this sh replace kmem_cache_t "struct kmem_cache" Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-11-06[GFS2] don't panic needlesslyAlexey Dobriyan
First, SLAB_PANIC is unjustified. Second, all error propagating and backing out is in place. Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2006-09-25[GFS2/DLM] Fix trailing whitespaceSteven Whitehouse
As per Andrew Morton's request, removed trailing whitespace. Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2006-09-19[GFS2] Export lm_interface to kernel headersFabio Massimo Di Nitto
lm_interface.h has a few out of the tree clients such as GFS1 and userland tools. Right now, these clients keeps a copy of the file in their build tree that can go out of sync. Move lm_interface.h to include/linux, export it to userland and clean up fs/gfs2 to use the new location. Signed-off-by: Fabio M. Di Nitto <fabbione@ubuntu.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2006-09-12[GFS2] Use hlist for glock hash chainsSteven Whitehouse
This results in smaller list heads, so that we can have more chains in the same amount of memory (twice as many). I've multiplied the size of the table by four though - this is because we are saving memory by not having one lock per chain any more. So we land up using about the same amount of memory for the hash table as we did before I started these changes, the difference being that we now have four times as many hash chains. The reason that I say "about the same amount of memory" is that the actual amount now depends upon the NR_CPUS and some of the config variables, so that its not exact and in some cases we do use more memory. Eventually we might want to scale the hash table size according to the size of physical ram as measured on module load. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2006-09-07[GFS2] Move glock hash table out of superblockSteven Whitehouse
There are several reasons why we want to do this: - Firstly its large and thus we'll scale better with multiple GFS2 fs mounted at the same time - Secondly its easier to scale its size as required (thats a plan for later patches) - Thirdly, we can use kzalloc rather than vmalloc when allocating the superblock (its now only 4888 bytes) - Fourth its all part of my plan to eventually be able to use RCU with the glock hash. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2006-09-04[GFS2] Tidy up locking codeSteven Whitehouse
As per Jan Engelhardt's second email, this removes some unused code, and fixes up indenting in various places. Cc: Jan Engelhardt <jengelh@linux01.gwdg.de> Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2006-09-01[GFS2] Update copyright, tidy up incore.hSteven Whitehouse
As per comments from Jan Engelhardt <jengelh@linux01.gwdg.de> this updates the copyright message to say "version" in full rather than "v.2". Also incore.h has been updated to remove forward structure declarations which are not required. The gfs2_quota_lvb structure has now had endianess annotations added to it. Also quota.c has been updated so that we now store the lvb data locally in endian independant format to avoid needing a structure in host endianess too. As a result the endianess conversions are done as required at various points and thus the conversion routines in lvb.[ch] are no longer required. I've moved the one remaining constant in lvb.h thats used into lm.h and removed the unused lvb.[ch]. I have not changed the HIF_ constants. That is left to a later patch which I hope will unify the gh_flags and gh_iflags fields of the struct gfs2_holder. Cc: Jan Engelhardt <jengelh@linux01.gwdg.de> Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2006-08-30[GFS2] Use slab properly with glocksSteven Whitehouse
We can take advantage of the slab allocator to ensure that all the list heads and the spinlock (plus one or two other fields) are initialised by slab to speed up allocation of glocks. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2006-06-14[GFS2] Fix unlinked file handlingSteven Whitehouse
This patch fixes the way we have been dealing with unlinked, but still open files. It removes all limits (other than memory for inodes, as per every other filesystem) on numbers of these which we can support on GFS2. It also means that (like other fs) its the responsibility of the last process to close the file to deallocate the storage, rather than the person who did the unlinking. Note that with GFS2, those two events might take place on different nodes. Also there are a number of other changes: o We use the Linux inode subsystem as it was intended to be used, wrt allocating GFS2 inodes o The Linux inode cache is now the point which we use for local enforcement of only holding one copy of the inode in core at once (previous to this we used the glock layer). o We no longer use the unlinked "special" file. We just ignore it completely. This makes unlinking more efficient. o We now use the 4th block allocation state. The previously unused state is used to track unlinked but still open inodes. o gfs2_inoded is no longer needed o Several fields are now no longer needed (and removed) from the in core struct gfs2_inode o Several fields are no longer needed (and removed) from the in core superblock There are a number of future possible optimisations and clean ups which have been made possible by this patch. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2006-05-18[GFS2] glock debugging and inode cache changesSteven Whitehouse
This adds some extra debugging to glock.c and changes inode.c's deallocation code to call the debugging code at a suitable moment. I'm chasing down a particular bug to do with deallocation at the moment and the code can go again once the bug is fixed. Also this includes the first part of some changes to unify the Linux struct inode and GFS2's struct gfs2_inode. This transformation will happen in small parts over the next short period. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2006-05-18[GFS2] Update copyright date to 2006Steven Whitehouse
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2006-05-18[GFS2] Remove semaphore.h from C filesSteven Whitehouse
We no longer use semaphores, everything has been converted to mutex or rwsem, so we don't need to include this header any more. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2006-03-02[GFS2] Add gfs2meta filesystemSteven Whitehouse
In order to separate out the filesystem's metadata from "normal" files and directories, a new filesystem type has been created. It is called gfs2meta and mounting it gives access to the files that were previously under .gfs2_admin (well still are until mkfs is altered, which is next on the adgenda). Its not currently possible to mount both gfs2 and gfs2meta on the same block device at the same time. A future patch will allow that to happen. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2006-02-27[GFS2] Macros removal in gfs2.hSteven Whitehouse
As suggested by Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>. The DIV_RU macro is renamed DIV_ROUND_UP and and moved to kernel.h The other macros are gone from gfs2.h as (although not requested by Pekka Enberg) are a number of included header file which are now included individually. The inode number comparison function is now an inline function. The DT2IF and IF2DT may be addressed in a future patch. Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
2006-01-16[GFS2] The core of GFS2David Teigland
This patch contains all the core files for GFS2. Signed-off-by: David Teigland <teigland@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>