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This fixes:
ERROR: "jbd2_log_start_commit" [fs/ext4/ext4.ko] undefined!
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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OOM happens.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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If there is a failed journal checksum, don't reset the journal. This
allows for userspace programs to decide how to recover from this
situation. It may be that ignoring the journal checksum failure might
be a better way of recovering the file system. Once we add per-block
checksums, we can definitely do better. Until then, a system
administrator can try backing up the file system image (or taking a
snapshot) and and trying to determine experimentally whether ignoring
the checksum failure or aborting the journal replay results in less
data loss.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
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If journal init fails, we need to free j_wbuf.
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Tao Ma <tao.ma@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
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[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix KVM]
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The /proc/fs/jbd2/<dev>/history was maintained manually; by using
tracepoints, we can get all of the existing functionality of the /proc
file plus extra capabilities thanks to the ftrace infrastructure. We
save memory as a bonus.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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There are a number of kernel printk's which are printed when an ext4
filesystem is mounted and unmounted. Disable them to economize space
in the system logs. In addition, disabling the mballoc stats by
default saves a number of unneeded atomic operations for every block
allocation or deallocation.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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Make all seq_operations structs const, to help mitigate against
revectoring user-triggerable function pointers.
This is derived from the grsecurity patch, although generated from scratch
because it's simpler than extracting the changes from there.
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Previously the journal_async_commit mount option was equivalent to
using barrier=0 (and just as unsafe). This patch fixes it so that we
eliminate the barrier before the commit block (by not using ordered
mode), and explicitly issuing an empty barrier bio after writing the
commit block. Because of the journal checksum, it is safe to do this;
if the journal blocks are not all written before a power failure, the
checksum in the commit block will prevent the last transaction from
being replayed.
Using the fs_mark benchmark, using journal_async_commit shows a 50%
improvement:
FSUse% Count Size Files/sec App Overhead
8 1000 10240 30.5 28242
vs.
FSUse% Count Size Files/sec App Overhead
8 1000 10240 45.8 28620
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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lockdep annotation for a transaction start has been at the end of
jbd2_journal_start(). But a transaction is also started from
jbd2_journal_restart(). Move the lockdep annotation to start_this_handle()
which covers both cases.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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fix jiffie rounding in jbd commit timer setup code. Rounding down
could cause the timer to be fired before the corresponding transaction
has expired. That transaction can stay not committed forever if no
new transaction is created or expicit sync/umount happens.
Signed-off-by: Alex Zhuravlev (Tomas) <alex.zhuravlev@sun.com>
Signed-off-by: Andreas Dilger <adilger@sun.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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Due to on disk corruption, it can happen that journal is too short. Fail
to load it in such case so that we don't oops somewhere later.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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It's only set, it's never checked. Kill it.
Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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The function jbd2_journal_write_metadata_buffer() calls
jbd_unlock_bh_state(bh_in) too early; this could potentially allow
another thread to call get_write_access on the buffer head, modify the
data, and dirty it, and allowing the wrong data to be written into the
journal. Fortunately, if we lose this race, the only time this will
actually cause filesystem corruption is if there is a system crash or
other unclean shutdown of the system before the next commit can take
place.
Signed-off-by: dingdinghua <dingdinghua85@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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The following race can happen:
CPU1 CPU2
checkpointing code checks the buffer, adds
it to an array for writeback
do_get_write_access()
...
lock_buffer()
unlock_buffer()
flush_batch() submits the buffer for IO
__jbd2_journal_file_buffer()
So a buffer under writeout is returned from
do_get_write_access(). Since the filesystem code relies on the fact
that journaled buffers cannot be written out, it does not take the
buffer lock and so it can modify buffer while it is under
writeout. That can lead to a filesystem corruption if we crash at the
right moment.
We fix the problem by clearing the buffer dirty bit under buffer_lock
even if the buffer is on BJ_None list. Actually, we clear the dirty
bit regardless the list the buffer is in and warn about the fact if
the buffer is already journalled.
Thanks for spotting the problem goes to dingdinghua <dingdinghua85@gmail.com>.
Reported-by: dingdinghua <dingdinghua85@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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Fix jbd2_dev_to_name(), a function used when pretty-printting jbd2 and
ext4 tracepoints.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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This patch reverts 3f31fddf, which is no longer needed because if a
race between freeing buffer and committing transaction functionality
occurs and dio gets error, currently dio falls back to buffered IO due
to the commit 6ccfa806.
Signed-off-by: Hisashi Hifumi <hifumi.hisashi@oss.ntt.co.jp>
Cc: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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Signed-off-by: Alberto Bertogli <albertito@blitiri.com.ar>
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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The revoke records must be written using the same way as the rest of
the blocks during the commit process; that is, either marked as
synchronous writes or as asynchornous writes.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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When you are going to be submitting several sync writes, we want to
give the IO scheduler a chance to merge some of them. Instead of
using the implicitly unplugging WRITE_SYNC variant, use WRITE_SYNC_PLUG
and rely on sync_buffer() doing the unplug when someone does a
wait_on_buffer()/lock_buffer().
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Update information about locking in JBD2 revoke code. Inconsistency in
comments found by Lin Tan <tammy000@gmail.com>.
CC: Lin Tan <tammy000@gmail.com>.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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If a commit is triggered by fsync(), set a flag indicating the journal
blocks associated with the transaction should be flushed out using
WRITE_SYNC.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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If we race with commit code setting i_transaction to NULL, we could
possibly dereference it. Proper locking requires the journal pointer
(to access journal->j_list_lock), which we don't have. So we have to
change the prototype of the function so that filesystem passes us the
journal pointer. Also add a more detailed comment about why the
function jbd2_journal_begin_ordered_truncate() does what it does and
how it should be used.
Thanks to Dan Carpenter <error27@gmail.com> for pointing to the
suspitious code.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Acked-by: Joel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
CC: linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org
CC: ocfs2-devel@oss.oracle.com
CC: mfasheh@suse.de
CC: Dan Carpenter <error27@gmail.com>
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The function jbd2_journal_start_commit() returns 1 if either a
transaction is committing or the function has queued a transaction
commit. But it returns 0 if we raced with somebody queueing the
transaction commit as well. This resulted in ext4_sync_fs() not
functioning correctly (description from Arthur Jones):
In the case of a data=ordered umount with pending long symlinks
which are delayed due to a long list of other I/O on the backing
block device, this causes the buffer associated with the long
symlinks to not be moved to the inode dirty list in the second
phase of fsync_super. Then, before they can be dirtied again,
kjournald exits, seeing the UMOUNT flag and the dirty pages are
never written to the backing block device, causing long symlink
corruption and exposing new or previously freed block data to
userspace.
This can be reproduced with a script created by Eric Sandeen
<sandeen@redhat.com>:
#!/bin/bash
umount /mnt/test2
mount /dev/sdb4 /mnt/test2
rm -f /mnt/test2/*
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/test2/bigfile bs=1M count=512
touch /mnt/test2/thisisveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryverylongfilename
ln -s /mnt/test2/thisisveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryveryverylongfilename
/mnt/test2/link
umount /mnt/test2
mount /dev/sdb4 /mnt/test2
ls /mnt/test2/
This patch fixes jbd2_journal_start_commit() to always return 1 when
there's a transaction committing or queued for commit.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
CC: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
CC: linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org
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the following warning:
fs/jbd2/journal.c: In function ‘jbd2_seq_info_show’:
fs/jbd2/journal.c:850: warning: format ‘%lu’ expects type ‘long
unsigned int’, but argument 3 has type ‘uint32_t’
is caused by wrong usage of do_div that modifies the dividend in-place
and returns the quotient. So not only would an incorrect value be
displayed, but s->journal->j_average_commit_time would also be changed
to a wrong value!
Fix it by using div_u64 instead.
Signed-off-by: Simon Holm Thøgersen <odie@cs.aau.dk>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4
* 'for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4: (57 commits)
jbd2: Fix oops in jbd2_journal_init_inode() on corrupted fs
ext4: Remove "extents" mount option
block: Add Kconfig help which notes that ext4 needs CONFIG_LBD
ext4: Make printk's consistently prefixed with "EXT4-fs: "
ext4: Add sanity checks for the superblock before mounting the filesystem
ext4: Add mount option to set kjournald's I/O priority
jbd2: Submit writes to the journal using WRITE_SYNC
jbd2: Add pid and journal device name to the "kjournald2 starting" message
ext4: Add markers for better debuggability
ext4: Remove code to create the journal inode
ext4: provide function to release metadata pages under memory pressure
ext3: provide function to release metadata pages under memory pressure
add releasepage hooks to block devices which can be used by file systems
ext4: Fix s_dirty_blocks_counter if block allocation failed with nodelalloc
ext4: Init the complete page while building buddy cache
ext4: Don't allow new groups to be added during block allocation
ext4: mark the blocks/inode bitmap beyond end of group as used
ext4: Use new buffer_head flag to check uninit group bitmaps initialization
ext4: Fix the race between read_inode_bitmap() and ext4_new_inode()
ext4: code cleanup
...
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On 32-bit system with CONFIG_LBD getblk can fail because provided
block number is too big. Add error checks so we fail gracefully if
getblk() returns NULL (which can also happen on memory allocation
failures).
Thanks to David Maciejak from Fortinet's FortiGuard Global Security
Research Team for reporting this bug.
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12370
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
cc: stable@kernel.org
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Filesystems often to do compute intensive operation on some
metadata. If this operation is repeated many times, it can be very
expensive. It would be much nicer if the operation could be performed
once before a buffer goes to disk.
This adds triggers to jbd2 buffer heads. Just before writing a metadata
buffer to the journal, jbd2 will optionally call a commit trigger associated
with the buffer. If the journal is aborted, an abort trigger will be
called on any dirty buffers as they are dropped from pending
transactions.
ocfs2 will use this feature.
Initially I tried to come up with a more generic trigger that could be
used for non-buffer-related events like transaction completion. It
doesn't tie nicely, because the information a buffer trigger needs
(specific to a journal_head) isn't the same as what a transaction
trigger needs (specific to a tranaction_t or perhaps journal_t). So I
implemented a buffer set, with the understanding that
journal/transaction wide triggers should be implemented separately.
There is only one trigger set allowed per buffer. I can't think of any
reason to attach more than one set. Contrast this with a journal or
transaction in which multiple places may want to watch the entire
transaction separately.
The trigger sets are considered static allocation from the jbd2
perspective. ocfs2 will just have one trigger set per block type,
setting the same set on every bh of the same type.
Signed-off-by: Joel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: <linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
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Since we will be waiting the write of the commit record to the journal
to complete in journal_submit_commit_record(), submit it using
WRITE_SYNC.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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This code has been obsolete in quite some time, since the supported
method for adding a journal inode is to use tune2fs (or to creating
new filesystem with a journal via mke2fs or mkfs.ext4).
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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Avoid freeing the transaction in __jbd2_journal_drop_transaction() so
the journal commit callback can run without holding j_list_lock, to
avoid lock contention on this spinlock.
Signed-off-by: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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jbd2_log_do_checkpoint()n is one of the kernel's largest stack users.
Move the array of buffer head's from the stack of jbd2_log_do_checkpoint()
to the in-core journal structure.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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Add new mount options, min_batch_time and max_batch_time, which
controls how long the jbd2 layer should wait for additional filesystem
operations to get batched with a synchronous write transaction.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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Display the average commit time (which is used by the ext4 fsync
batching patch) in /proc/fs/jbd2/*/info for performance tuning
purposes.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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This patch removes the static sleep time in favor of a more self
optimizing approach where we measure the average amount of time it
takes to commit a transaction to disk and the ammount of time a
transaction has been running. If somebody does a sync write or an
fsync() traditionally we would sleep for 1 jiffies, which depending on
the value of HZ could be a significant amount of time compared to how
long it takes to commit a transaction to the underlying storage. With
this patch instead of sleeping for a jiffie, we check to see if the
amount of time this transaction has been running is less than the
average commit time, and if it is we sleep for the delta using
schedule_hrtimeout to give us a higher precision sleep time. This
greatly benefits high end storage where you could end up sleeping for
longer than it takes to commit the transaction and therefore sitting
idle instead of allowing the transaction to be committed by keeping
the sleep time to a minimum so you are sure to always be doing
something.
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <jbacik@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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Xen doesn't report that barriers are not supported until buffer I/O is
reported as completed, instead of when the buffer I/O is submitted.
Add a check and a fallback codepath to journal_wait_on_commit_record()
to detect this case, so that attempts to mount ext4 filesystems on
LVM/devicemapper devices on Xen guests don't blow up with an "Aborting
journal on device XXX"; "Remounting filesystem read-only" error.
Thanks to Andreas Sundstrom for reporting this issue.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
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jbd2_journal_init_inode() does not call jbd2_stats_proc_exit() on all
failure paths after calling jbd2_stats_proc_init(). This leaves
dangling references to the fs in proc.
This patch fixes a bug reported by Sami Leides at:
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11493
Signed-off-by: Sami Liedes <sliedes@cc.hut.fi>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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Commit 23f8b79e introducd a regression because it assumed that if
there were no transactions ready to be checkpointed, that no progress
could be made on making space available in the journal, and so the
journal should be aborted. This assumption is false; it could be the
case that simply calling jbd2_cleanup_journal_tail() will recover the
necessary space, or, for small journals, the currently committing
transaction could be responsible for chewing up the required space in
the log, so we need to wait for the currently committing transaction
to finish before trying to force a checkpoint operation.
This patch fixes a bug reported by Mihai Harpau at:
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=469582
This patch fixes a bug reported by François Valenduc at:
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11840
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Duane Griffin <duaneg@dghda.com>
Cc: Toshiyuki Okajima <toshi.okajima@jp.fujitsu.com>
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The transaction can potentially get dropped if there are no buffers
that need to be written. Make sure we call the commit callback before
potentially deciding to drop the transaction. Also avoid
dereferencing the commit_transaction pointer in the marker for the
same reason.
This patch fixes the bug reported by Eric Paris at:
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11838
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Acked-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
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Use fs/*/Kconfig more, which is good because everything related to one
filesystem is in one place and fs/Kconfig is quite fat.
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The multiblock allocator needs to be able to release blocks (and issue
a blkdev discard request) when the transaction which freed those
blocks is committed. Previously this was done via a polling mechanism
when blocks are allocated or freed. A much better way of doing things
is to create a jbd2 callback function and attaching the list of blocks
to be freed directly to the transaction structure.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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If the journal doesn't abort when it gets an IO error in file data
blocks, the file data corruption will spread silently. Because
most of applications and commands do buffered writes without fsync(),
they don't notice the IO error. It's scary for mission critical
systems. On the other hand, if the journal aborts whenever it gets
an IO error in file data blocks, the system will easily become
inoperable. So this patch introduces a filesystem option to
determine whether it aborts the journal or just call printk() when
it gets an IO error in file data.
If you mount an ext4 fs with data_err=abort option, it aborts on file
data write error. If you mount it with data_err=ignore, it doesn't
abort, just call printk(). data_err=ignore is the default.
Here is the corresponding patch of the ext3 version:
http://kerneltrap.org/mailarchive/linux-kernel/2008/9/9/3239374
Signed-off-by: Hidehiro Kawai <hidehiro.kawai.ez@hitachi.com>
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Currently, original metadata buffers are dirtied when they are
unfiled whether the journal has aborted or not. Eventually these
buffers will be written-back to the filesystem by pdflush. This
means some metadata buffers are written to the filesystem without
journaling if the journal aborts. So if both journal abort and
system crash happen at the same time, the filesystem would become
inconsistent state. Additionally, replaying journaled metadata
can overwrite the latest metadata on the filesystem partly.
Because, if the journal gets aborted, journaled metadata are
preserved and replayed during the next mount not to lose
uncheckpointed metadata. This would also break the consistency
of the filesystem.
This patch prevents original metadata buffers from being dirtied
on abort by clearing BH_JBDDirty flag from those buffers. Thus,
no metadata buffers are written to the filesystem without journaling.
Signed-off-by: Hidehiro Kawai <hidehiro.kawai.ez@hitachi.com>
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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When a checkpointing IO fails, current JBD2 code doesn't check the
error and continue journaling. This means latest metadata can be
lost from both the journal and filesystem.
This patch leaves the failed metadata blocks in the journal space
and aborts journaling in the case of jbd2_log_do_checkpoint().
To achieve this, we need to do:
1. don't remove the failed buffer from the checkpoint list where in
the case of __try_to_free_cp_buf() because it may be released or
overwritten by a later transaction
2. jbd2_log_do_checkpoint() is the last chance, remove the failed
buffer from the checkpoint list and abort the journal
3. when checkpointing fails, don't update the journal super block to
prevent the journaled contents from being cleaned. For safety,
don't update j_tail and j_tail_sequence either
4. when checkpointing fails, notify this error to the ext4 layer so
that ext4 don't clear the needs_recovery flag, otherwise the
journaled contents are ignored and cleaned in the recovery phase
5. if the recovery fails, keep the needs_recovery flag
6. prevent jbd2_cleanup_journal_tail() from being called between
__jbd2_journal_drop_transaction() and jbd2_journal_abort()
(a possible race issue between jbd2_log_do_checkpoint()s called by
jbd2_journal_flush() and __jbd2_log_wait_for_space())
Signed-off-by: Hidehiro Kawai <hidehiro.kawai.ez@hitachi.com>
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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If we failed to write metadata buffers to the journal space and
succeeded to write the commit record, stale data can be written
back to the filesystem as metadata in the recovery phase.
To avoid this, when we failed to write out metadata buffers,
abort the journal before writing the commit record.
We can also avoid this kind of corruption by using the journal
checksum feature because it can detect invalid metadata blocks in the
journal and avoid them from being replayed. So we don't need to care
about asynchronous commit record writeout with a checksum.
Signed-off-by: Hidehiro Kawai <hidehiro.kawai.ez@hitachi.com>
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Also make sure the buffer heads are marked clean before submitting bh
for writing. The previous code was marking the buffer head dirty,
which would have forced an unneeded write (and seek) to the journal
for no good reason.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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This debugging markers are designed to debug problems such as the
random filesystem latency problems reported by Arjan.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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The __jbd2_log_wait_for_space function sits in a loop checkpointing
transactions until there is sufficient space free in the journal.
However, if there are no transactions to be processed (e.g. because the
free space calculation is wrong due to a corrupted filesystem) it will
never progress.
Check for space being required when no transactions are outstanding and
abort the journal instead of endlessly looping.
This patch fixes the bug reported by Sami Liedes at:
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=10976
Signed-off-by: Duane Griffin <duaneg@dghda.com>
Cc: Sami Liedes <sliedes@cc.hut.fi>
Cc: <linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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