1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
|
function tracer guts
====================
Introduction
------------
Here we will cover the architecture pieces that the common function tracing
code relies on for proper functioning. Things are broken down into increasing
complexity so that you can start simple and at least get basic functionality.
Note that this focuses on architecture implementation details only. If you
want more explanation of a feature in terms of common code, review the common
ftrace.txt file.
Prerequisites
-------------
Ftrace relies on these features being implemented:
STACKTRACE_SUPPORT - implement save_stack_trace()
TRACE_IRQFLAGS_SUPPORT - implement include/asm/irqflags.h
HAVE_FUNCTION_TRACER
--------------------
You will need to implement the mcount and the ftrace_stub functions.
The exact mcount symbol name will depend on your toolchain. Some call it
"mcount", "_mcount", or even "__mcount". You can probably figure it out by
running something like:
$ echo 'main(){}' | gcc -x c -S -o - - -pg | grep mcount
call mcount
We'll make the assumption below that the symbol is "mcount" just to keep things
nice and simple in the examples.
Keep in mind that the ABI that is in effect inside of the mcount function is
*highly* architecture/toolchain specific. We cannot help you in this regard,
sorry. Dig up some old documentation and/or find someone more familiar than
you to bang ideas off of. Typically, register usage (argument/scratch/etc...)
is a major issue at this point, especially in relation to the location of the
mcount call (before/after function prologue). You might also want to look at
how glibc has implemented the mcount function for your architecture. It might
be (semi-)relevant.
The mcount function should check the function pointer ftrace_trace_function
to see if it is set to ftrace_stub. If it is, there is nothing for you to do,
so return immediately. If it isn't, then call that function in the same way
the mcount function normally calls __mcount_internal -- the first argument is
the "frompc" while the second argument is the "selfpc" (adjusted to remove the
size of the mcount call that is embedded in the function).
For example, if the function foo() calls bar(), when the bar() function calls
mcount(), the arguments mcount() will pass to the tracer are:
"frompc" - the address bar() will use to return to foo()
"selfpc" - the address bar() (with _mcount() size adjustment)
Also keep in mind that this mcount function will be called *a lot*, so
optimizing for the default case of no tracer will help the smooth running of
your system when tracing is disabled. So the start of the mcount function is
typically the bare min with checking things before returning. That also means
the code flow should usually kept linear (i.e. no branching in the nop case).
This is of course an optimization and not a hard requirement.
Here is some pseudo code that should help (these functions should actually be
implemented in assembly):
void ftrace_stub(void)
{
return;
}
void mcount(void)
{
/* save any bare state needed in order to do initial checking */
extern void (*ftrace_trace_function)(unsigned long, unsigned long);
if (ftrace_trace_function != ftrace_stub)
goto do_trace;
/* restore any bare state */
return;
do_trace:
/* save all state needed by the ABI (see paragraph above) */
unsigned long frompc = ...;
unsigned long selfpc = <return address> - MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE;
ftrace_trace_function(frompc, selfpc);
/* restore all state needed by the ABI */
}
Don't forget to export mcount for modules !
extern void mcount(void);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(mcount);
HAVE_FUNCTION_TRACE_MCOUNT_TEST
-------------------------------
This is an optional optimization for the normal case when tracing is turned off
in the system. If you do not enable this Kconfig option, the common ftrace
code will take care of doing the checking for you.
To support this feature, you only need to check the function_trace_stop
variable in the mcount function. If it is non-zero, there is no tracing to be
done at all, so you can return.
This additional pseudo code would simply be:
void mcount(void)
{
/* save any bare state needed in order to do initial checking */
+ if (function_trace_stop)
+ return;
extern void (*ftrace_trace_function)(unsigned long, unsigned long);
if (ftrace_trace_function != ftrace_stub)
...
HAVE_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
--------------------------
Deep breath ... time to do some real work. Here you will need to update the
mcount function to check ftrace graph function pointers, as well as implement
some functions to save (hijack) and restore the return address.
The mcount function should check the function pointers ftrace_graph_return
(compare to ftrace_stub) and ftrace_graph_entry (compare to
ftrace_graph_entry_stub). If either of those are not set to the relevant stub
function, call the arch-specific function ftrace_graph_caller which in turn
calls the arch-specific function prepare_ftrace_return. Neither of these
function names are strictly required, but you should use them anyways to stay
consistent across the architecture ports -- easier to compare & contrast
things.
The arguments to prepare_ftrace_return are slightly different than what are
passed to ftrace_trace_function. The second argument "selfpc" is the same,
but the first argument should be a pointer to the "frompc". Typically this is
located on the stack. This allows the function to hijack the return address
temporarily to have it point to the arch-specific function return_to_handler.
That function will simply call the common ftrace_return_to_handler function and
that will return the original return address with which, you can return to the
original call site.
Here is the updated mcount pseudo code:
void mcount(void)
{
...
if (ftrace_trace_function != ftrace_stub)
goto do_trace;
+#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
+ extern void (*ftrace_graph_return)(...);
+ extern void (*ftrace_graph_entry)(...);
+ if (ftrace_graph_return != ftrace_stub ||
+ ftrace_graph_entry != ftrace_graph_entry_stub)
+ ftrace_graph_caller();
+#endif
/* restore any bare state */
...
Here is the pseudo code for the new ftrace_graph_caller assembly function:
#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
void ftrace_graph_caller(void)
{
/* save all state needed by the ABI */
unsigned long *frompc = &...;
unsigned long selfpc = <return address> - MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE;
prepare_ftrace_return(frompc, selfpc);
/* restore all state needed by the ABI */
}
#endif
For information on how to implement prepare_ftrace_return(), simply look at
the x86 version. The only architecture-specific piece in it is the setup of
the fault recovery table (the asm(...) code). The rest should be the same
across architectures.
Here is the pseudo code for the new return_to_handler assembly function. Note
that the ABI that applies here is different from what applies to the mcount
code. Since you are returning from a function (after the epilogue), you might
be able to skimp on things saved/restored (usually just registers used to pass
return values).
#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
void return_to_handler(void)
{
/* save all state needed by the ABI (see paragraph above) */
void (*original_return_point)(void) = ftrace_return_to_handler();
/* restore all state needed by the ABI */
/* this is usually either a return or a jump */
original_return_point();
}
#endif
HAVE_FTRACE_NMI_ENTER
---------------------
If you can't trace NMI functions, then skip this option.
<details to be filled>
HAVE_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINTS
---------------------
You need very few things to get the syscalls tracing in an arch.
- Have a NR_syscalls variable in <asm/unistd.h> that provides the number
of syscalls supported by the arch.
- Implement arch_syscall_addr() that resolves a syscall address from a
syscall number.
- Support the TIF_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINT thread flags
- Put the trace_sys_enter() and trace_sys_exit() tracepoints calls from ptrace
in the ptrace syscalls tracing path.
- Tag this arch as HAVE_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINTS.
HAVE_FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
-------------------------
See scripts/recordmcount.pl for more info.
<details to be filled>
HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE
---------------------
<details to be filled>
|
