nilfs2: introduce secondary super block

The former versions didn't have extra super blocks.  This improves the
weak point by introducing another super block at unused region in tail of
the partition.

This doesn't break disk format compatibility; older versions just ingore
the secondary super block, and new versions just recover it if it doesn't
exist.  The partition created by an old mkfs may not have unused region,
but in that case, the secondary super block will not be added.

This doesn't make more redundant copies of the super block; it is a future
work.

Signed-off-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

7 files changed, 270 insertions, 175 deletions

diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/nilfs.h b/fs/nilfs2/nilfs.h
index a7f5bc724e3..19af5ab8627 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/nilfs.h
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/nilfs.h
@@ -275,13 +275,10 @@ extern void nilfs_error(struct super_block *, const char *, const char *, ...)
 extern void nilfs_warning(struct super_block *, const char *, const char *, ...)
        __attribute__ ((format (printf, 3, 4)));
 extern struct nilfs_super_block *
-nilfs_load_super_block(struct super_block *, struct buffer_head **);
-extern struct nilfs_super_block *
-nilfs_reload_super_block(struct super_block *, struct buffer_head **, int);
+nilfs_read_super_block(struct super_block *, u64, int, struct buffer_head **);
 extern int nilfs_store_magic_and_option(struct super_block *,
 					struct nilfs_super_block *, char *);
-extern void nilfs_update_last_segment(struct nilfs_sb_info *, int);
-extern int nilfs_commit_super(struct nilfs_sb_info *);
+extern int nilfs_commit_super(struct nilfs_sb_info *, int);
 extern int nilfs_attach_checkpoint(struct nilfs_sb_info *, __u64);
 extern void nilfs_detach_checkpoint(struct nilfs_sb_info *);
 
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/recovery.c b/fs/nilfs2/recovery.c
index 6ab4c8fc5e9..6ade0963fc1 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/recovery.c
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/recovery.c
@@ -870,7 +870,6 @@ int nilfs_search_super_root(struct the_nilfs *nilfs, struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi,
 		if (scan_newer)
 			ri->ri_need_recovery = NILFS_RECOVERY_SR_UPDATED;
 		else {
-			nilfs->ns_prot_seq = ssi.seg_seq;
 			if (nilfs->ns_mount_state & NILFS_VALID_FS)
 				goto super_root_found;
 			scan_newer = 1;
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/segment.c b/fs/nilfs2/segment.c
index e43558d50e7..fb70ec3be20 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/segment.c
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/segment.c
@@ -2068,7 +2068,8 @@ static void nilfs_segctor_complete_write(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci)
 
 	if (update_sr) {
 		nilfs_set_last_segment(nilfs, segbuf->sb_pseg_start,
-				       segbuf->sb_sum.seg_seq, nilfs->ns_cno);
+				       segbuf->sb_sum.seg_seq, nilfs->ns_cno++);
+		sbi->s_super->s_dirt = 1;
 
 		clear_bit(NILFS_SC_HAVE_DELTA, &sci->sc_flags);
 		clear_bit(NILFS_SC_DIRTY, &sci->sc_flags);
@@ -2224,9 +2225,6 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_do_construct(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci, int mode)
 
 		/* Commit segments */
 		if (has_sr) {
-			down_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
-			nilfs_update_last_segment(sbi, 1);
-			up_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
 			nilfs_segctor_commit_free_segments(sci);
 			nilfs_segctor_clear_metadata_dirty(sci);
 		}
@@ -2564,7 +2562,7 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_construct(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci,
 		if (test_bit(NILFS_SC_SUPER_ROOT, &sci->sc_flags) &&
 		    nilfs_discontinued(nilfs)) {
 			down_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
-			req->sb_err = nilfs_commit_super(sbi);
+			req->sb_err = nilfs_commit_super(sbi, 0);
 			up_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/segment.h b/fs/nilfs2/segment.h
index 4a64eb82f1f..a98fc1ed0bb 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/segment.h
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/segment.h
@@ -206,8 +206,6 @@ enum {
 					   logical segment with a super root */
 #define NILFS_SC_DEFAULT_SR_FREQ    30  /* Maximum frequency of super root
 					   creation */
-#define NILFS_SC_DEFAULT_SB_FREQ    30  /* Minimum interval of periodical
-					   update of superblock (reserved) */
 
 /*
  * The default threshold amount of data, in block counts.
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/super.c b/fs/nilfs2/super.c
index ef31e9a51c8..e2ced824c62 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/super.c
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/super.c
@@ -103,8 +103,9 @@ void nilfs_error(struct super_block *sb, const char *function,
 		down_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
 		if (!(nilfs->ns_mount_state & NILFS_ERROR_FS)) {
 			nilfs->ns_mount_state |= NILFS_ERROR_FS;
-			nilfs->ns_sbp->s_state |= cpu_to_le16(NILFS_ERROR_FS);
-			nilfs_commit_super(sbi);
+			nilfs->ns_sbp[0]->s_state |=
+				cpu_to_le16(NILFS_ERROR_FS);
+			nilfs_commit_super(sbi, 1);
 		}
 		up_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
 
@@ -208,90 +209,106 @@ static void nilfs_clear_inode(struct inode *inode)
 	nilfs_btnode_cache_clear(&ii->i_btnode_cache);
 }
 
-/**
- * nilfs_update_last_segment - change pointer to the latest segment
- * @sbi: nilfs_sb_info
- * @update_cno: flag whether to update checkpoint number.
- *
- * nilfs_update_last_segment() changes information in the super block
- * after a partial segment is written out successfully. The super
- * block is marked dirty. It will be written out at the next VFS sync
- * operations such as sync_supers() and generic_shutdown_super().
- */
-void nilfs_update_last_segment(struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi, int update_cno)
-{
-	struct the_nilfs *nilfs = sbi->s_nilfs;
-	struct nilfs_super_block *sbp = nilfs->ns_sbp;
-
-	/* nilfs->sem must be locked by the caller. */
-	spin_lock(&nilfs->ns_last_segment_lock);
-	if (update_cno)
-		nilfs->ns_last_cno = nilfs->ns_cno++;
-	sbp->s_last_seq = cpu_to_le64(nilfs->ns_last_seq);
-	sbp->s_last_pseg = cpu_to_le64(nilfs->ns_last_pseg);
-	sbp->s_last_cno = cpu_to_le64(nilfs->ns_last_cno);
-	spin_unlock(&nilfs->ns_last_segment_lock);
-
-	sbi->s_super->s_dirt = 1; /* must be set if delaying the call of
-				     nilfs_commit_super() */
-}
-
-static int nilfs_sync_super(struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi)
+static int nilfs_sync_super(struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi, int dupsb)
 {
 	struct the_nilfs *nilfs = sbi->s_nilfs;
 	int err;
 	int barrier_done = 0;
 
 	if (nilfs_test_opt(sbi, BARRIER)) {
-		set_buffer_ordered(nilfs->ns_sbh);
+		set_buffer_ordered(nilfs->ns_sbh[0]);
 		barrier_done = 1;
 	}
  retry:
-	set_buffer_dirty(nilfs->ns_sbh);
-	err = sync_dirty_buffer(nilfs->ns_sbh);
+	set_buffer_dirty(nilfs->ns_sbh[0]);
+	err = sync_dirty_buffer(nilfs->ns_sbh[0]);
 	if (err == -EOPNOTSUPP && barrier_done) {
 		nilfs_warning(sbi->s_super, __func__,
 			      "barrier-based sync failed. "
 			      "disabling barriers\n");
 		nilfs_clear_opt(sbi, BARRIER);
 		barrier_done = 0;
-		clear_buffer_ordered(nilfs->ns_sbh);
+		clear_buffer_ordered(nilfs->ns_sbh[0]);
 		goto retry;
 	}
-	if (unlikely(err))
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
 		printk(KERN_ERR
 		       "NILFS: unable to write superblock (err=%d)\n", err);
-	else {
+		if (err == -EIO && nilfs->ns_sbh[1]) {
+			nilfs_fall_back_super_block(nilfs);
+			goto retry;
+		}
+	} else {
+		struct nilfs_super_block *sbp = nilfs->ns_sbp[0];
+
+		/*
+		 * The latest segment becomes trailable from the position
+		 * written in superblock.
+		 */
 		clear_nilfs_discontinued(nilfs);
-		spin_lock(&nilfs->ns_last_segment_lock);
-		nilfs->ns_prot_seq = le64_to_cpu(nilfs->ns_sbp->s_last_seq);
-		spin_unlock(&nilfs->ns_last_segment_lock);
+
+		/* update GC protection for recent segments */
+		if (nilfs->ns_sbh[1]) {
+			sbp = NULL;
+			if (dupsb) {
+				set_buffer_dirty(nilfs->ns_sbh[1]);
+				if (!sync_dirty_buffer(nilfs->ns_sbh[1]))
+					sbp = nilfs->ns_sbp[1];
+			}
+		}
+		if (sbp) {
+			spin_lock(&nilfs->ns_last_segment_lock);
+			nilfs->ns_prot_seq = le64_to_cpu(sbp->s_last_seq);
+			spin_unlock(&nilfs->ns_last_segment_lock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return err;
 }
 
-int nilfs_commit_super(struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi)
+int nilfs_commit_super(struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi, int dupsb)
 {
 	struct the_nilfs *nilfs = sbi->s_nilfs;
-	struct nilfs_super_block *sbp = nilfs->ns_sbp;
+	struct nilfs_super_block **sbp = nilfs->ns_sbp;
 	sector_t nfreeblocks;
+	time_t t;
 	int err;
 
 	/* nilfs->sem must be locked by the caller. */
+	if (sbp[0]->s_magic != NILFS_SUPER_MAGIC) {
+		if (sbp[1] && sbp[1]->s_magic == NILFS_SUPER_MAGIC)
+			nilfs_swap_super_block(nilfs);
+		else {
+			printk(KERN_CRIT "NILFS: superblock broke on dev %s\n",
+			       sbi->s_super->s_id);
+			return -EIO;
+		}
+	}
 	err = nilfs_count_free_blocks(nilfs, &nfreeblocks);
 	if (unlikely(err)) {
 		printk(KERN_ERR "NILFS: failed to count free blocks\n");
 		return err;
 	}
-	sbp->s_free_blocks_count = cpu_to_le64(nfreeblocks);
-	sbp->s_wtime = cpu_to_le64(get_seconds());
-	sbp->s_sum = 0;
-	sbp->s_sum = cpu_to_le32(crc32_le(nilfs->ns_crc_seed,
-					  (unsigned char *)sbp,
-					  le16_to_cpu(sbp->s_bytes)));
+	spin_lock(&nilfs->ns_last_segment_lock);
+	sbp[0]->s_last_seq = cpu_to_le64(nilfs->ns_last_seq);
+	sbp[0]->s_last_pseg = cpu_to_le64(nilfs->ns_last_pseg);
+	sbp[0]->s_last_cno = cpu_to_le64(nilfs->ns_last_cno);
+	spin_unlock(&nilfs->ns_last_segment_lock);
+
+	t = get_seconds();
+	nilfs->ns_sbwtime[0] = t;
+	sbp[0]->s_free_blocks_count = cpu_to_le64(nfreeblocks);
+	sbp[0]->s_wtime = cpu_to_le64(t);
+	sbp[0]->s_sum = 0;
+	sbp[0]->s_sum = cpu_to_le32(crc32_le(nilfs->ns_crc_seed,
+					     (unsigned char *)sbp[0],
+					     nilfs->ns_sbsize));
+	if (dupsb && sbp[1]) {
+		memcpy(sbp[1], sbp[0], nilfs->ns_sbsize);
+		nilfs->ns_sbwtime[1] = t;
+	}
 	sbi->s_super->s_dirt = 0;
-	return nilfs_sync_super(sbi);
+	return nilfs_sync_super(sbi, dupsb);
 }
 
 static void nilfs_put_super(struct super_block *sb)
@@ -303,8 +320,8 @@ static void nilfs_put_super(struct super_block *sb)
 
 	if (!(sb->s_flags & MS_RDONLY)) {
 		down_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
-		nilfs->ns_sbp->s_state = cpu_to_le16(nilfs->ns_mount_state);
-		nilfs_commit_super(sbi);
+		nilfs->ns_sbp[0]->s_state = cpu_to_le16(nilfs->ns_mount_state);
+		nilfs_commit_super(sbi, 1);
 		up_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
 	}
 
@@ -330,7 +347,7 @@ static void nilfs_put_super(struct super_block *sb)
  *   2.    down_write(&nilfs->ns_sem)
  *
  * Inside NILFS, locking ns_sem is enough to protect s_dirt and the buffer
- * of the super block (nilfs->ns_sbp).
+ * of the super block (nilfs->ns_sbp[]).
  *
  * In most cases, VFS functions call lock_super() before calling these
  * methods.  So we must be careful not to bring on deadlocks when using
@@ -346,8 +363,19 @@ static void nilfs_write_super(struct super_block *sb)
 	struct the_nilfs *nilfs = sbi->s_nilfs;
 
 	down_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
-	if (!(sb->s_flags & MS_RDONLY))
-		nilfs_commit_super(sbi);
+	if (!(sb->s_flags & MS_RDONLY)) {
+		struct nilfs_super_block **sbp = nilfs->ns_sbp;
+		u64 t = get_seconds();
+		int dupsb;
+
+		if (!nilfs_discontinued(nilfs) && t >= nilfs->ns_sbwtime[0] &&
+		    t < nilfs->ns_sbwtime[0] + NILFS_SB_FREQ) {
+			up_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
+			return;
+		}
+		dupsb = sbp[1] && t > nilfs->ns_sbwtime[1] + NILFS_ALTSB_FREQ;
+		nilfs_commit_super(sbi, dupsb);
+	}
 	sb->s_dirt = 0;
 	up_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
 }
@@ -436,7 +464,7 @@ static int nilfs_mark_recovery_complete(struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi)
 	down_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
 	if (!(nilfs->ns_mount_state & NILFS_VALID_FS)) {
 		nilfs->ns_mount_state |= NILFS_VALID_FS;
-		err = nilfs_commit_super(sbi);
+		err = nilfs_commit_super(sbi, 1);
 		if (likely(!err))
 			printk(KERN_INFO "NILFS: recovery complete.\n");
 	}
@@ -652,7 +680,7 @@ nilfs_set_default_options(struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi,
 static int nilfs_setup_super(struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi)
 {
 	struct the_nilfs *nilfs = sbi->s_nilfs;
-	struct nilfs_super_block *sbp = nilfs->ns_sbp;
+	struct nilfs_super_block *sbp = nilfs->ns_sbp[0];
 	int max_mnt_count = le16_to_cpu(sbp->s_max_mnt_count);
 	int mnt_count = le16_to_cpu(sbp->s_mnt_count);
 
@@ -674,88 +702,29 @@ static int nilfs_setup_super(struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi)
 	sbp->s_mnt_count = cpu_to_le16(mnt_count + 1);
 	sbp->s_state = cpu_to_le16(le16_to_cpu(sbp->s_state) & ~NILFS_VALID_FS);
 	sbp->s_mtime = cpu_to_le64(get_seconds());
-	return nilfs_commit_super(sbi);
+	return nilfs_commit_super(sbi, 1);
 }
 
-struct nilfs_super_block *
-nilfs_load_super_block(struct super_block *sb, struct buffer_head **pbh)
+struct nilfs_super_block *nilfs_read_super_block(struct super_block *sb,
+						 u64 pos, int blocksize,
+						 struct buffer_head **pbh)
 {
-	int blocksize;
-	unsigned long offset, sb_index;
-
-	/*
-	 * Adjusting block size
-	 * Blocksize will be enlarged when it is smaller than hardware
-	 * sector size.
-	 * Disk format of superblock does not change.
-	 */
-	blocksize = sb_min_blocksize(sb, BLOCK_SIZE);
-	if (!blocksize) {
-		printk(KERN_ERR
-		       "NILFS: unable to set blocksize of superblock\n");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	sb_index = NILFS_SB_OFFSET_BYTES / blocksize;
-	offset = NILFS_SB_OFFSET_BYTES % blocksize;
+	unsigned long long sb_index = pos;
+	unsigned long offset;
 
+	offset = do_div(sb_index, blocksize);
 	*pbh = sb_bread(sb, sb_index);
-	if (!*pbh) {
-		printk(KERN_ERR "NILFS: unable to read superblock\n");
+	if (!*pbh)
 		return NULL;
-	}
 	return (struct nilfs_super_block *)((char *)(*pbh)->b_data + offset);
 }
 
-struct nilfs_super_block *
-nilfs_reload_super_block(struct super_block *sb, struct buffer_head **pbh,
-			 int blocksize)
-{
-	struct nilfs_super_block *sbp;
-	unsigned long offset, sb_index;
-	int hw_blocksize = bdev_hardsect_size(sb->s_bdev);
-
-	if (blocksize < hw_blocksize) {
-		printk(KERN_ERR
-		       "NILFS: blocksize %d too small for device "
-		       "(sector-size = %d).\n",
-		       blocksize, hw_blocksize);
-		goto failed_sbh;
-	}
-	brelse(*pbh);
-	sb_set_blocksize(sb, blocksize);
-
-	sb_index = NILFS_SB_OFFSET_BYTES / blocksize;
-	offset = NILFS_SB_OFFSET_BYTES % blocksize;
-
-	*pbh = sb_bread(sb, sb_index);
-	if (!*pbh) {
-		printk(KERN_ERR
-		       "NILFS: cannot read superblock on 2nd try.\n");
-		goto failed;
-	}
-
-	sbp = (struct nilfs_super_block *)((char *)(*pbh)->b_data + offset);
-	if (sbp->s_magic != cpu_to_le16(NILFS_SUPER_MAGIC)) {
-		printk(KERN_ERR
-		       "NILFS: !? Magic mismatch on 2nd try.\n");
-		goto failed_sbh;
-	}
-	return sbp;
-
- failed_sbh:
-	brelse(*pbh);
-
- failed:
-	return NULL;
-}
-
 int nilfs_store_magic_and_option(struct super_block *sb,
 				 struct nilfs_super_block *sbp,
 				 char *data)
 {
 	struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi = NILFS_SB(sb);
 
-	/* trying to fill super (1st stage) */
 	sb->s_magic = le16_to_cpu(sbp->s_magic);
 
 	/* FS independent flags */
@@ -763,11 +732,6 @@ int nilfs_store_magic_and_option(struct super_block *sb,
 	sb->s_flags |= MS_NOATIME;
 #endif
 
-	if (sb->s_magic != NILFS_SUPER_MAGIC) {
-		printk("NILFS: Can't find nilfs on dev %s.\n", sb->s_id);
-		return -EINVAL;
-	}
-
 	nilfs_set_default_options(sbi, sbp);
 
 	sbi->s_resuid = le16_to_cpu(sbp->s_def_resuid);
@@ -775,10 +739,7 @@ int nilfs_store_magic_and_option(struct super_block *sb,
 	sbi->s_interval = le32_to_cpu(sbp->s_c_interval);
 	sbi->s_watermark = le32_to_cpu(sbp->s_c_block_max);
 
-	if (!parse_options(data, sb))
-		return -EINVAL;
-
-	return 0;
+	return !parse_options(data, sb) ? -EINVAL : 0 ;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -967,12 +928,12 @@ static int nilfs_remount(struct super_block *sb, int *flags, char *data)
 		 * the RDONLY flag and then mark the partition as valid again.
 		 */
 		down_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
-		sbp = nilfs->ns_sbp;
+		sbp = nilfs->ns_sbp[0];
 		if (!(sbp->s_state & le16_to_cpu(NILFS_VALID_FS)) &&
 		    (nilfs->ns_mount_state & NILFS_VALID_FS))
 			sbp->s_state = cpu_to_le16(nilfs->ns_mount_state);
 		sbp->s_mtime = cpu_to_le64(get_seconds());
-		nilfs_commit_super(sbi);
+		nilfs_commit_super(sbi, 1);
 		up_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
 	} else {
 		/*
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/the_nilfs.c b/fs/nilfs2/the_nilfs.c
index 661ab762d76..33400cf0bbe 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/the_nilfs.c
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/the_nilfs.c
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <linux/slab.h>
 #include <linux/blkdev.h>
 #include <linux/backing-dev.h>
+#include <linux/crc32.h>
 #include "nilfs.h"
 #include "segment.h"
 #include "alloc.h"
@@ -105,7 +106,8 @@ void put_nilfs(struct the_nilfs *nilfs)
 	}
 	if (nilfs_init(nilfs)) {
 		nilfs_destroy_gccache(nilfs);
-		brelse(nilfs->ns_sbh);
+		brelse(nilfs->ns_sbh[0]);
+		brelse(nilfs->ns_sbh[1]);
 	}
 	kfree(nilfs);
 }
@@ -115,6 +117,7 @@ static int nilfs_load_super_root(struct the_nilfs *nilfs,
 {
 	struct buffer_head *bh_sr;
 	struct nilfs_super_root *raw_sr;
+	struct nilfs_super_block **sbp = nilfs->ns_sbp;
 	unsigned dat_entry_size, segment_usage_size, checkpoint_size;
 	unsigned inode_size;
 	int err;
@@ -124,9 +127,9 @@ static int nilfs_load_super_root(struct the_nilfs *nilfs,
 		return err;
 
 	down_read(&nilfs->ns_sem);
-	dat_entry_size = le16_to_cpu(nilfs->ns_sbp->s_dat_entry_size);
-	checkpoint_size = le16_to_cpu(nilfs->ns_sbp->s_checkpoint_size);
-	segment_usage_size = le16_to_cpu(nilfs->ns_sbp->s_segment_usage_size);
+	dat_entry_size = le16_to_cpu(sbp[0]->s_dat_entry_size);
+	checkpoint_size = le16_to_cpu(sbp[0]->s_checkpoint_size);
+	segment_usage_size = le16_to_cpu(sbp[0]->s_segment_usage_size);
 	up_read(&nilfs->ns_sem);
 
 	inode_size = nilfs->ns_inode_size;
@@ -270,11 +273,8 @@ int load_nilfs(struct the_nilfs *nilfs, struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi)
 			nilfs_mdt_destroy(nilfs->ns_dat);
 			goto failed;
 		}
-		if (ri.ri_need_recovery == NILFS_RECOVERY_SR_UPDATED) {
-			down_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
-			nilfs_update_last_segment(sbi, 0);
-			up_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
-		}
+		if (ri.ri_need_recovery == NILFS_RECOVERY_SR_UPDATED)
+			sbi->s_super->s_dirt = 1;
 	}
 
 	set_nilfs_loaded(nilfs);
@@ -296,9 +296,8 @@ static unsigned long long nilfs_max_size(unsigned int blkbits)
 	return res;
 }
 
-static int
-nilfs_store_disk_layout(struct the_nilfs *nilfs, struct super_block *sb,
-			struct nilfs_super_block *sbp)
+static int nilfs_store_disk_layout(struct the_nilfs *nilfs,
+				   struct nilfs_super_block *sbp)
 {
 	if (le32_to_cpu(sbp->s_rev_level) != NILFS_CURRENT_REV) {
 		printk(KERN_ERR "NILFS: revision mismatch "
@@ -309,6 +308,10 @@ nilfs_store_disk_layout(struct the_nilfs *nilfs, struct super_block *sb,
 		       NILFS_CURRENT_REV, NILFS_MINOR_REV);
 		return -EINVAL;
 	}
+	nilfs->ns_sbsize = le16_to_cpu(sbp->s_bytes);
+	if (nilfs->ns_sbsize > BLOCK_SIZE)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
 	nilfs->ns_inode_size = le16_to_cpu(sbp->s_inode_size);
 	nilfs->ns_first_ino = le32_to_cpu(sbp->s_first_ino);
 
@@ -330,6 +333,122 @@ nilfs_store_disk_layout(struct the_nilfs *nilfs, struct super_block *sb,
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int nilfs_valid_sb(struct nilfs_super_block *sbp)
+{
+	static unsigned char sum[4];
+	const int sumoff = offsetof(struct nilfs_super_block, s_sum);
+	size_t bytes;
+	u32 crc;
+
+	if (!sbp || le16_to_cpu(sbp->s_magic) != NILFS_SUPER_MAGIC)
+		return 0;
+	bytes = le16_to_cpu(sbp->s_bytes);
+	if (bytes > BLOCK_SIZE)
+		return 0;
+	crc = crc32_le(le32_to_cpu(sbp->s_crc_seed), (unsigned char *)sbp,
+		       sumoff);
+	crc = crc32_le(crc, sum, 4);
+	crc = crc32_le(crc, (unsigned char *)sbp + sumoff + 4,
+		       bytes - sumoff - 4);
+	return crc == le32_to_cpu(sbp->s_sum);
+}
+
+static int nilfs_sb2_bad_offset(struct nilfs_super_block *sbp, u64 offset)
+{
+	return offset < ((le64_to_cpu(sbp->s_nsegments) *
+			  le32_to_cpu(sbp->s_blocks_per_segment)) <<
+			 (le32_to_cpu(sbp->s_log_block_size) + 10));
+}
+
+static void nilfs_release_super_block(struct the_nilfs *nilfs)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+		if (nilfs->ns_sbp[i]) {
+			brelse(nilfs->ns_sbh[i]);
+			nilfs->ns_sbh[i] = NULL;
+			nilfs->ns_sbp[i] = NULL;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void nilfs_fall_back_super_block(struct the_nilfs *nilfs)
+{
+	brelse(nilfs->ns_sbh[0]);
+	nilfs->ns_sbh[0] = nilfs->ns_sbh[1];
+	nilfs->ns_sbp[0] = nilfs->ns_sbp[1];
+	nilfs->ns_sbh[1] = NULL;
+	nilfs->ns_sbp[1] = NULL;
+}
+
+void nilfs_swap_super_block(struct the_nilfs *nilfs)
+{
+	struct buffer_head *tsbh = nilfs->ns_sbh[0];
+	struct nilfs_super_block *tsbp = nilfs->ns_sbp[0];
+
+	nilfs->ns_sbh[0] = nilfs->ns_sbh[1];
+	nilfs->ns_sbp[0] = nilfs->ns_sbp[1];
+	nilfs->ns_sbh[1] = tsbh;
+	nilfs->ns_sbp[1] = tsbp;
+}
+
+static int nilfs_load_super_block(struct the_nilfs *nilfs,
+				  struct super_block *sb, int blocksize,
+				  struct nilfs_super_block **sbpp)
+{
+	struct nilfs_super_block **sbp = nilfs->ns_sbp;
+	struct buffer_head **sbh = nilfs->ns_sbh;
+	u64 sb2off = NILFS_SB2_OFFSET_BYTES(nilfs->ns_bdev->bd_inode->i_size);
+	int valid[2], swp = 0;
+
+	sbp[0] = nilfs_read_super_block(sb, NILFS_SB_OFFSET_BYTES, blocksize,
+					&sbh[0]);
+	sbp[1] = nilfs_read_super_block(sb, sb2off, blocksize, &sbh[1]);
+
+	if (!sbp[0]) {
+		if (!sbp[1]) {
+			printk(KERN_ERR "NILFS: unable to read superblock\n");
+			return -EIO;
+		}
+		printk(KERN_WARNING
+		       "NILFS warning: unable to read primary superblock\n");
+	} else if (!sbp[1])
+		printk(KERN_WARNING
+		       "NILFS warning: unable to read secondary superblock\n");
+
+	valid[0] = nilfs_valid_sb(sbp[0]);
+	valid[1] = nilfs_valid_sb(sbp[1]);
+	swp = valid[1] &&
+		(!valid[0] ||
+		 le64_to_cpu(sbp[1]->s_wtime) > le64_to_cpu(sbp[0]->s_wtime));
+
+	if (valid[swp] && nilfs_sb2_bad_offset(sbp[swp], sb2off)) {
+		brelse(sbh[1]);
+		sbh[1] = NULL;
+		sbp[1] = NULL;
+		swp = 0;
+	}
+	if (!valid[swp]) {
+		nilfs_release_super_block(nilfs);
+		printk(KERN_ERR "NILFS: Can't find nilfs on dev %s.\n",
+		       sb->s_id);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	if (swp) {
+		printk(KERN_WARNING "NILFS warning: broken superblock. "
+		       "using spare superblock.\n");
+		nilfs_swap_super_block(nilfs);
+	}
+
+	nilfs->ns_sbwtime[0] = le64_to_cpu(sbp[0]->s_wtime);
+	nilfs->ns_sbwtime[1] = valid[!swp] ? le64_to_cpu(sbp[1]->s_wtime) : 0;
+	nilfs->ns_prot_seq = le64_to_cpu(sbp[valid[1] & !swp]->s_last_seq);
+	*sbpp = sbp[0];
+	return 0;
+}
+
 /**
  * init_nilfs - initialize a NILFS instance.
  * @nilfs: the_nilfs structure
@@ -352,16 +471,15 @@ nilfs_store_disk_layout(struct the_nilfs *nilfs, struct super_block *sb,
 int init_nilfs(struct the_nilfs *nilfs, struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi, char *data)
 {
 	struct super_block *sb = sbi->s_super;
-	struct buffer_head *sbh;
 	struct nilfs_super_block *sbp;
 	struct backing_dev_info *bdi;
 	int blocksize;
-	int err = 0;
+	int err;
 
 	down_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
 	if (nilfs_init(nilfs)) {
 		/* Load values from existing the_nilfs */
-		sbp = nilfs->ns_sbp;
+		sbp = nilfs->ns_sbp[0];
 		err = nilfs_store_magic_and_option(sb, sbp, data);
 		if (err)
 			goto out;
@@ -377,36 +495,50 @@ int init_nilfs(struct the_nilfs *nilfs, struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi, char *data)
 		goto out;
 	}
 
-	sbp = nilfs_load_super_block(sb, &sbh);
-	if (!sbp) {
+	blocksize = sb_min_blocksize(sb, BLOCK_SIZE);
+	if (!blocksize) {
+		printk(KERN_ERR "NILFS: unable to set blocksize\n");
 		err = -EINVAL;
 		goto out;
 	}
+	err = nilfs_load_super_block(nilfs, sb, blocksize, &sbp);
+	if (err)
+		goto out;
+
 	err = nilfs_store_magic_and_option(sb, sbp, data);
 	if (err)
 		goto failed_sbh;
 
 	blocksize = BLOCK_SIZE << le32_to_cpu(sbp->s_log_block_size);
 	if (sb->s_blocksize != blocksize) {
-		sbp = nilfs_reload_super_block(sb, &sbh, blocksize);
-		if (!sbp) {
+		int hw_blocksize = bdev_hardsect_size(sb->s_bdev);
+
+		if (blocksize < hw_blocksize) {
+			printk(KERN_ERR
+			       "NILFS: blocksize %d too small for device "
+			       "(sector-size = %d).\n",
+			       blocksize, hw_blocksize);
 			err = -EINVAL;
+			goto failed_sbh;
+		}
+		nilfs_release_super_block(nilfs);
+		sb_set_blocksize(sb, blocksize);
+
+		err = nilfs_load_super_block(nilfs, sb, blocksize, &sbp);
+		if (err)
 			goto out;
 			/* not failed_sbh; sbh is released automatically
 			   when reloading fails. */
-		}
 	}
 	nilfs->ns_blocksize_bits = sb->s_blocksize_bits;
 
-	err = nilfs_store_disk_layout(nilfs, sb, sbp);
+	err = nilfs_store_disk_layout(nilfs, sbp);
 	if (err)
 		goto failed_sbh;
 
 	sb->s_maxbytes = nilfs_max_size(sb->s_blocksize_bits);
 
 	nilfs->ns_mount_state = le16_to_cpu(sbp->s_state);
-	nilfs->ns_sbh = sbh;
-	nilfs->ns_sbp = sbp;
 
 	bdi = nilfs->ns_bdev->bd_inode_backing_dev_info;
 	if (!bdi)
@@ -443,7 +575,7 @@ int init_nilfs(struct the_nilfs *nilfs, struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi, char *data)
 	return err;
 
  failed_sbh:
-	brelse(sbh);
+	nilfs_release_super_block(nilfs);
 	goto out;
 }
 
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/the_nilfs.h b/fs/nilfs2/the_nilfs.h
index d750e48257c..30fe58778d0 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/the_nilfs.h
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/the_nilfs.h
@@ -49,8 +49,10 @@ enum {
  * @ns_sem: semaphore for shared states
  * @ns_writer_mutex: mutex protecting ns_writer attach/detach
  * @ns_writer_refcount: number of referrers on ns_writer
- * @ns_sbh: buffer head of the on-disk super block
- * @ns_sbp: pointer to the super block data
+ * @ns_sbh: buffer heads of on-disk super blocks
+ * @ns_sbp: pointers to super block data
+ * @ns_sbwtime: previous write time of super blocks
+ * @ns_sbsize: size of valid data in super block
  * @ns_supers: list of nilfs super block structs
  * @ns_seg_seq: segment sequence counter
  * @ns_segnum: index number of the latest full segment.
@@ -101,8 +103,10 @@ struct the_nilfs {
 	 * - protecting s_dirt in the super_block struct
 	 *   (see nilfs_write_super) and the following fields.
 	 */
-	struct buffer_head     *ns_sbh;
-	struct nilfs_super_block *ns_sbp;
+	struct buffer_head     *ns_sbh[2];
+	struct nilfs_super_block *ns_sbp[2];
+	time_t			ns_sbwtime[2];
+	unsigned		ns_sbsize;
 	unsigned		ns_mount_state;
 	struct list_head	ns_supers;
 
@@ -182,6 +186,10 @@ THE_NILFS_FNS(INIT, init)
 THE_NILFS_FNS(LOADED, loaded)
 THE_NILFS_FNS(DISCONTINUED, discontinued)
 
+/* Minimum interval of periodical update of superblocks (in seconds) */
+#define NILFS_SB_FREQ		10
+#define NILFS_ALTSB_FREQ	60  /* spare superblock */
+
 void nilfs_set_last_segment(struct the_nilfs *, sector_t, u64, __u64);
 struct the_nilfs *alloc_nilfs(struct block_device *);
 void put_nilfs(struct the_nilfs *);
@@ -190,6 +198,8 @@ int load_nilfs(struct the_nilfs *, struct nilfs_sb_info *);
 int nilfs_count_free_blocks(struct the_nilfs *, sector_t *);
 int nilfs_checkpoint_is_mounted(struct the_nilfs *, __u64, int);
 int nilfs_near_disk_full(struct the_nilfs *);
+void nilfs_fall_back_super_block(struct the_nilfs *);
+void nilfs_swap_super_block(struct the_nilfs *);
 
 
 static inline void get_nilfs(struct the_nilfs *nilfs)